Free Essays - Role Playing in A Farewell to Arms :: Farewell Arms Essays

Role Playing in A Farewell to Arms    In Hemingways novel, A Farewell to Arms, the principle characters, Henry and Catherine, are forced by the war to face the fact of human mortality.  As a defense mechanism, the twain main characters, and several some another(prenominal)s, turn to role-playing as a way to escape reality. Hemingway utilized role-playing as a way to explore the strengths and weaknesses of the characters. By placing Henrys ordered living in opposition to Catherines topsy-turvy one, and then letting each one assume a role which will bring them closer together, Hemingway shows the pairs inability to ac be intimateledge their own mortality.   John Stubbs has written an essay that examines the role-playing that Henry and Catherine use to protect themselves from the discovery of their insignificance and powerlessness...in a world indifferent to their well being...  Stubbs begins by showing other examples, notably in In Our Time and The Sun Also R ises, in which Hemingways characters revert to role-playing in order to escape or retreat from their lives. The ability to bring in characters who play roles, he says, either to maintain self-esteem or to escape, is one Hemingway exploits extraordinarily well in A Farewell to Arms and therefore it is his richest and some successful handling of human beings trying to come to terms with their vulnerability.   As far as Stubbs is concerned, Hemingway is quite blatant in letting us know that role-playing is what is occurring. He tells that the role-playing begins during Henry and Catherines third encounter, when Catherine directly dictates what is spoken by Henry. After this meeting the two work increasingly comfortable with their roles and easily adopt them whenever the other is nearby. This is apparent also in that they can only successfully play their roles when they are in private and any disturbance causes the game to be disrupted. The impact of the outside world in any fo rm makes their role-playing impossible, as evidenced at the race track in Milan, where they must be alone. The people meet them make Catherine feel uncomfortable and Henry has to take her away from the crowd. He goes on to describe how it is impossible for them to play the roles when they are apart and how they therefore become more dependent upon each others company.   Stubbs goes on to explain how, neither mistakes role-playing for a truly intimate relationship, but both recognize that it can be a useful device for satisfying certain emotional needs.

The Grifters :: English Literature Essays

The GriftersSymbolism in The Grifters The Novel and Film of The Grifters had many uses of symbolism, supporting the theme of sexual corruption, and the fall of the three main characters craft of the grift. In the novel, symbolism was tougher to pick out. However, the descriptions of the characters created symbolic visualizations of their personalities and human nature. The film had more obvious uses of symbolism through the choice of womens clothes, the characters actions, and their language. In the film, symbolism was everywhere. In the beginning of the film, the pictures of the city were in black and white and dull shades, giving the city a gloomy look. The camera angles made the cars in the city appear tiny, and the buildings appear very large to symbolize how small everything was amongst the city. The interiors of the office buildings and the panic symbolized that there was no way out. The soundtrack of the film was symbolic to the tension of the film. The injustice of visual composition of the lighting in the film, symbolized the darkness of the human nature in the humbug. Roys character as a conman is revealed early in the floor when he was puking after the blow to his stomach due to an unsuccessful con job. In the novel, he told the cop that he was just sick typify that he was a manipulator, and was used to lying. In the beginning of the film, Roy answered to the cop with, some bad shrimp, which was extremely ironic to me because it symbolized that something was a bit fishy round Roys character. In the film, Roy hid his money behind clown paintings, which symbolized the joke of his grift. The irony was that he took his grift so seriously. In establishing Lillys character, the author of the novel used the line, Roy danced just about her in helpless rage, which to me symbolizes her dominance. Moira was compared to a kitty early on in the novel, which symbolized her feistiness. The film showed the hotel elevator descending to symbolize Moira going t o Hell. At the close of the story in both the novel and the film, Lily wore Moiras red dress after killing her symbolizing the blood of both their deaths. The women themselves were symbols of excitement empowered by their sexuality. A minor character in the film and a more prominent character in the novel was Nurse Carol.

Biography of Aristotle (384 -322 BC) :: essays research papers

Aristotle (384 -322 BC)ARISTOTLES LIFEAristotle, Greek philosopher and scientist, is one of the most famous of ancientphilosophers. He was born in Stagira, Greece to a physician to the royal court.When he became eighteen, Aristotle entered Platos School in Athens and remainedat this academy for twenty years, as a scholarly person and then as a teacher. He wasrecognized as the Academys brightest and was given the title of "TheIntelligence of the School". When Plato died in 347 BC, Aristotle left Athensand joined a group of disciples of Plato, with his friend Hermias. Hermiasbecame ruler of a city called Assos, a city in Asia Minor. Aristotle marriedHermias adopted daughter, Pythias. In 343 or 342 BC, Philip II, king ofMacedonia, told Aristotle to supervise the education of his son, Alexander(later known as "Alexander the Great"). He taught him until 336 BC, whenAlexander became the ruler of Macedonia. Alexander the Great later became theruler of all Greece, and over threw the Iranian Empire. In 334 BC, Aristotlereturned to Athens and started his own school, the Lyceum. Because he taughtwhile walking around, his students were called the Peripatetic students, meaning"walking" or "strolling". When Alexander died in 323 BC, Aristotle was chargedwith impiety (lack of dread to the gods) by the Athenians. The Atheniansprobably did this because they resented                                                   Lu-2 Aristotles friendship with Alexander, the man who conqueredthem. Aristotle fled to Euboea. He died there the next year.ETHICSAristotle believed that there was no way to make an accurate resolution of humane

Essay --

CHAPTER 1PROJECT OVERVIEW1.1Background Duke, an acronym for The Duta-Ulu Kelang Expressway, structures the key missing connection in the Kuala Lumpur Road Master Plan, joining Duta in the west to Ampang in the east, and to Karak in the north. Duke glosses the Intermediate Ring Roads (Int Rr) of Kuala Lumpur, spanning the North Klang Valley Expressway (Nkve), Sprint (at Penchala Link) and Ulu Kelang atomic number 18a of the Middle Ring Road Ii, permitting drivers to make a trip from finish to end in only 9 minutes. More than simply enhancing connectivity, Duke likewise scatters activity from the city towards different suburban ranges through various entrance and hit the sack focuses at major spiral convergences. With Duke, you have the capacity to go from one end of Kl to different parts in minutes, bypassing high movement territories, for example, Lebuhraya Mahameru, Jalan Tun Razak, Jalan Kuching, Jalan Sultan Ismail and Jalan Ampang. No upsetting driving, no packed in slither an d no unmoving motor blazing valu able-bodied petrol.1.2Parties involved The development, principles, administration and use of freeways in Malaysia are liable to Federal Roads Act (Private Management) 1984. In Malaysia, expressways are characterized as fast tracks with no less than four paths (two in every course) and might as well have full access control or fractional access control. Most freeways in Malaysia are regulated access roads. Konsortium Lebuhraya Utara-Timur (KL) Sdn Bhd, or KESTURI, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Nuzen Corporation Sdn Bhd, which is a joint venture company between Wira Kristal Sdn Bhd and Malaysian Resources Corporation Berhad. KESTURI was awarded the Concession Agreement to design, construct, finance, manage, operate and halt the Exp... ...s. This is lead to cause the slowdown of traffic around the construction area. CHAPTER 6CONCLUSIONAs a conclusion, the environmental issue will inevitably snarf in the construction of a project. The impact of co nstruction on the environment can be addressed through the establishment of effective prevention and sweep up the environmental impact assessment. This is because in order to develop our country the development and construction is very necessary. The construction of DUKE highway ( Lebuhraya Duta Ulu Kelang) has advantages and disadvantages. The advantages from this highway construction are able to provide efficient and effective transportation and communication systems between highways in Klang area. For the disadvantage of this highway construction is environment pollution. However, various measures can be taken to reduce and prevent this problem.

Xerox and IT Management :: essays research papers

Xerox is one of the largest companies in the document processing products and go industry. Xerox held a virtual monopoly in the plain-paper duplicator market until the Federal Trade Commission intervened. In 1975 Xerox was forced to forfeit patent egis and had to license to competitors. Xeroxs markets share dipped from 80% in 1976 to 13% in 1982. In order to become more competitive, Xerox began to physical exertion benchmarking, Leadership through Quality and employee involvement initiatives. These initiatives helped grow Xeroxs market share back to 18% in the low end copier business and 35% in the mid-to-high end. Despite the improvements in market share the financial performance of the company declined. Therefore in 1992 a major shakeup was planned, Xerox would change from a geographic organization to a market segment organization.Xerox corporate information management (CIM) unit was established in the early 1970s. In 1987, CIM was moved to the General Services Division and wa s given the task to Provide the overall information technology leadership to the company. The leader of the CIM group quickly realized the task was not possible without significant organizational change. After bringing in consultants to review the Information Management at Xerox, the coach of CIM realized the Xerox IM infrastructure could not support the companys strategic direction. To address the IM problems, CIM started a new initiative, IM 2000. The goal of IM 2000 was to move Xerox to a new information systems infrastructure. The problems found with Information Management at XeroxAging application portfolio built on proprietary technologiesLarge cost associated with charge legacy system runningDuplicate work caused by corporate enculturation autonomyThe IM 2000 design team recommended the following four strategies1.Reduce/ direct&61607Reduce overall costs by reining in the expense of legacy system. Use savings to fund new applications and infrastructure.2.Infrastructure Ma nagement&61607Move to a industry standard infrastructure that would be managed centrally a client server environment.3.Leverage worldwide IM resources&61607Create library of shareable core modules.4.Business process-driven solutions&61607The actual legacy system was to be replaced by solutions supporting new Xerox business process.Xeroxs earlier quality initiatives had created a corporate culture used to having a partner relationship with suppliers. Because of this, management suggested IM should look at outsourcing as an alternative. Typical Reasons for OutsourcingConcerns about Cost and QualityoVendors save gold by&61607Running much leaner overhead structures than their customers&61607More aggressive use of low cost labor pools (India)&61607Staff must keep up to date on newest IT practices&61607Purchasing Power&61607More efficient use of capacity

Should Drugs Be Made Legal? Essay -- social issues

Should Drugs Be Made Legal?For several decades drugs have been one of the major problems of society. There have been escalating costs spent on the war against drugs and innumerous dollars spent on rehabilitation, but the problem still exists. Not only has the drug problem increased but drug related problems are on the rise. Drug abuse is a killer in our country. Some are born addicts(crack babies), while others become users. The result of drug abuse is thousands of addicts in denial. The practiced news is the United States had 25,618 total arrests and 81,762 drug seizures due to drugs in 1989 alone, but the bad news is the numbers of prisoners have increased by 70 portion which will cost about $30 million dollars. Despite common wisdom, the U.S isnt experiencing a drug related crime wave. Government surveys show between 1980 - 1987 burglary order fell 27 percent, robbery 21 percent and murders 13 percent, but with new drugs on the market these numbers are up. One contraversial so lution is the end of legalizing drugs. Although people feel that legalizing drugs would lessen crime, drugs should remain illegal in the U.S because there would be an increase of drug abuse and a rapid increase of diseases such(prenominal) as AIDS. Many believe that legalizing drugs would lessen crime. They point out that the legalization of drugs would deter future criminal acts. They also emphasize and contrast Prohibition. When the public cognise that Prohibition could not be enforced the law was ...

Should Drugs Be Made Legal? Essay -- social issues

Should Drugs Be Made Legal?For several decades drugs have been one of the major problems of society. There have been escalating costs spent on the war against drugs and countless dollars spent on rehabilitation, but the problem still exists. Not only has the drug problem developmentd but drug related problems are on the rise. Drug abuse is a killer in our country. Some are born addicts(crack babies), while others become users. The result of drug abuse is thousands of addicts in denial. The good news is the United States had 25,618 total arrests and 81,762 drug seizures due to drugs in 1989 alone, but the bad news is the numbers of prisoners have increased by 70 percent which will cost about $30 million dollars. Despite common wisdom, the U.S isnt experiencing a drug related crime wave. Government surveys show amongst 1980 - 1987 burglary rates fell 27 percent, robbery 21 percent and murders 13 percent, but with new drugs on the market these numbers are up. One contraversial begi nning is the proposal of legalizing drugs. Although people feel that legalizing drugs would lessen crime, drugs should remain illegal in the U.S because there would be an increase of drug abuse and a rapid increase of diseases such as AIDS. Many believe that legalizing drugs would lessen crime. They point out that the legalization of drugs would deter future criminal acts. They also emphasize and contrast Prohibition. When the popular realized that Prohibition could not be enforced the law was ...

Role of Roman Legions in Republic and the Empire

The role of romish legions in creating the republic first and and then the empire has been widely acknow leadged. Legions emerged from the early Roman army which was composed of levied citizens and developed into a full fledged force with a modern infantry and well(p) organized cavalry. (McCall, 2002). The first person to conscript soldiers into legions to the advantage of the state was Servius Tullius.By introducing the census, Tullius made it incumbent for all youth to be organized in versatile classes based on their income and also made it incumbent for them to join the army as a mark of being Roman citizens. This tradition of use of the legions for policy-making consolidation has thus been the hallmark of the rise of the republic as well as the empire.In Rome service in the legion was considered mandatory. This naturally led to correlation of the legion with the republic as the concept emerged over the years by consolidation of the state. For the purposes of distinguishing b etween classes, the recruits were divided into five classes based on their income as each soldier had to acquire his own arm and equipment.Thus citizenship and legionnaire were both concomitant thereby laying strong linkages between the republic and the legions which were utilise over a period. The legions remained conscripted and were recalled as on required basis during the Republic thereby indicating that these were transient and to be fully exploited for sponsoring the aim of the head of the state. aft(prenominal) the Marian reforms which were brought in at the end of the 2nd century BC, the legion was professionalized by Gaius Marius. This was done by him to enlarge the legions and enable fielding larger armies. politically too this was important as in a Republic the state had the duty to provide jobs to people, for which legions were considered to be most appropriate organizations, once again bring out an utilitarian trend.Assimilation of the Italian soldiers in Roman legion s and grant of citizenship was also a Marian initiative thereby enhancing the numbers as well as the power of the state. The ingrained manipulative streak of the masters of the legion would be more than evident in these measures.This professionalizing also led to a realization that the legions could tackle an important political role and hence all governors were proscribed from leaving their province with the legions to prevent precipitation of a crisis in other states. Just such a crisis precipitated the civil wars when Caesar broke the rule crossing with his legion into Italy. The civil wars saw the end of the republic and beginning of the Empire led by Augustus in 27 BC.The legions once again were very effectively used by both Antony and Augustus the ultimate victor of the civil war which led to the establishment of the Roman empire. Once having won the war though Augustus reduced the number of legions as he was finding it difficult to sustain the force. Politically it was not expedient to defend many legions which could challenge the authority of the emperor at any given time.Augustus and then his successors would not however totally abandon the concept, but only added saucily legions as required by the circumstances and disbanded these when no longer required by the needs of the empire, thereby once again denoting how they successfully exploited the legions for the purposes of the state. wing1.Mccall, Jeremiah B. (2002). The Cavalry of the Roman Republic Cavalry Combat and Elite Reputations in the Middle and Late Republic. New York Routledge.

Polygamy Its Negative Implications and Consequences Essay

Polygamy Its Negative Implications and ConsequencesIntroduction The affinity for human beings to live in pairs is entirely natural. A blissful conglutination is characterized by love, respect, and trust. Warmth becomes the motivational drive towards the perfection of life in the present world and thereafter (McMahon, 2010). On the contrary, an unhappy wedlock leads to despair and disillusionment and negatively affects the people involved. Defined as the recitation or condition of marrying to a greater extent than one wife at the same time, polygamy has persisted in galore(postnominal) civilizations world everyplace. In close to societies such as Islam, the course session is very much prevalent (Ward, 2010).The sacred books and scriptures contain abundant evidence of the occurrence that polygamy was indeed honorable by patriarchal prophets Hindus and Jews. In Arabia and the countries adjoining, polygamy, temporary marriages, unrestricted concubinage, and marriages of co nvenience were senior highly rife (Jencks and Milton, 2010).Their do were reported to be disastrous on the entire social and moral structure. Polygamy remains a common, well-buried secret that is often tortuous and still exists throughout many countries to date. It is a more common practice than most people actuall(a)y realize (Jacobson and Burton, 2011). Thesis Statement Polygamy has been tried many times in free democratic countries, and it never succeeds. It is not congruous with freedom, equality, and human rights. It always results in child brides and brainwashing.Types of polygamy Polygamy as earlier defined is a draw of marriage where a person has more than one wife. It mostly occurs in two types. The most common is polygyny, where a man marries more than one wife. The less(prenominal) common type, polyandry, is a system of marriage where a cleaning lady marries more than one man (Darger, 2011).In the Islamic culture, the practice of polygyny is highly condoned s lice polyandry is highly condemned. In ancient times, polygamy existed in the Judaism culture. In the Old leave alone of the Bible, Abraham had three wives and Solomon had more than three hundred wives. This practice continued until Rabbi Gershom ben Yehudah issued a decree against it. The Je invite Sephardic communities living in Muslim countries continued the practice until slow 1950s when a ban was extended against marrying more than one wife (Bennion, 2012). In any of these forms, polygamy should be against the law in any religion culture or country.A third type of polygamy exists as polyamory and is often referred to as postmodern polygamy. Polyamory is a relationship of multiple men and women. These relationships may take the form of one man with several female partners, two men with several female partners or several women with no men. Unlike polygamy, polyamory offers more equal opportunities for disarticulate (Crooks and Baur, 2014). Virtually all bigamous marriages a re polygynous in fact. There is no evidence that points to polyamorous relationships being likely to lead to polygyny. As such, polyamory remains problematic for much the same reasons that the current practice of polygamy (Gallichan, 2012). Due to these views, polyamory is not a clearly preferable alternative to polygamy.Practice of polygamyIn his paper, polygamy and non-hetero familiar marriages, David Chambers emphasizes that in the countrys history, the most widespread and significant practice of polygamy by far transpired among the Mormons during mid nineteenth century. To them, Mormons believed that polyoicous marriages were biblical and approved by God. Polygamy is neither exclusively Hesperian nor non-western. Over the ages, Muslims, Hindus and another(prenominal) religious groups spend a penny sound it. However, the number of polyoicous marriages is relatively miniature despite cross- cultural presence of polygamy. (Beaman and Calder, 2013).The standard debate over the p ermissibility of polygamy has been characteristically pitiable. Proponents argue that in part, married men form relationships with mistresses.These unions involve emotional commitments that are not easily terminated unlike polygamy. In essence, a married man and his mistress are involved in a polygamous relationship. Funny enough, this does not appear to generate much hostility from critics. The newfangled Testament in the Bible never deemed it immoral or inferior to be in a monogamous union. Shockingly, more Americans are practicing polygamy than one king think. Even more horrendous is the fact that more than half of the non- industrialized societies still permit it (Bennion, 2012). It is regarded as deeply sinful to engage in wake upual relationships outside the institution of marriage. In Christianity, it is believed a man should not have more than one registered wife with the state. Such an action would violate tax codes and many other legal umbrellas (Ward, 2010).The legal l aws in the United States document registered plural marriages and polygamy as illegal and thereof not be practiced (McMahon, 2010). In my opinion, polygamy is foul-smelling and should not be practiced neither in countries nor in cultures alike. One could easily argue what exactly does polygamy try to prove. That a man can have multiple wives, become unfaithful and get away with it? Imagine the silent anguish that a young nave girl of twelve years endures when coerced into marrying a feebly, wobbly looking old man whom she has never seen before. Imagine the grotesque images that come into mind when this girl is forced to bear children until her body become unspeakable due to excruciating labour distressingnesss. Imagine the girl being brainwashed and battered for contradicting beliefs held by another man and forced to live with him for her entire lifetime. at a time stop imagining. This is the scary would of polygamy that exists in a form not known to many. Such are the cases th at continue to recur in most countries, especially Africa and Asia. In itself, polygamy is considered a right to a selected few and a bane to majority (McMahon, 2010).Reasons why polygamy is practiced Before we look at the negative implications of polygamy, it would be certain to understand why the system was and is still practiced to date. To many, this custom serves as a dynamic principle of family survival, growth, security, prestige and continuity (Jacobson and Burton, 2011).One of the main reasons polygamy was practiced is that several wives were seen as a symbol of wealth, power and influence in tralatitious African societies for many centuries. Secondly, it was important for a man in traditional society to continue his family name into future lineages (McMahon, 2010). Marrying many wives ensured that the husband would have many male children to carry on his name. It withal meant that one would be remembered and recognize long after their death through his children a nd grandchildren (Jacobson and Burton, 2011).In the agricultural perspective, many wives meant that one would have necessary laborers for farming, taking care of livestock and performing all household chores. This was coupled with provision of help when necessity arose. A larger family was symbolic of strength and unity. It was similarly seen as a way to maintain rapture and add meaning to life. Having many wives was also a route of keeping the man from being amorous. The reason was that most wives denied their husbands conjugal rights after childbirth for up to two years. Hence, having an additional wife meant the husband would not be unfaithful (Jencks and Milton, 2010). For the husband, having many wives meant he would get many daughters from them. This contributed to a significant increase of his wealth through bride price at the time of his daughters marriage. In most traditional African societies, it was considered a vice for a woman to lack children especially in marriage ( Jencks and Milton, 2010).It was for this reason that most African women preferred to have a co-wife than remain single in ridicule. As such, polygamy solved the problem of single parenthood. It also offered women the security and dignity required for self-realization. Finally yet importantly, polygamy resulted through the ancient tradition of wife inheritance. The death of a husband whose wife had not passed vaginal birth age qualified for wife inheritance. The brother of the deceased was obliged to marry his brothers widow (Beaman and Calder, 2013). All the above reasons applied in traditional African societies. However, in the contemporary world today, most of these practices have been overtaken by time and can no longer be practicable.Negative implications of polygamy Effects on women in polygamous marriages.In my view, polygamy is a way of life that should not be allowed in society due to its negative implications. Primarily, it creates male dominated marriages where the wo man is unexpended voiceless in the whole setup. Secondly, it forces women into subordinate roles and results in unworkable families full of strife, abuse and incest (Ward, 2010).Polygamous families usually live in isolated communities that are alone unaffected by the outside world. The seclusion of these towns raises eyebrows concerning security, safety and health of the town dwellers, state law enforcers, federal laws and the country at large (Beaman and Calder, 2013). It can therefore be argued women face greater risks in polygamous marriages. The standard argument remains that polygamy subordinates women and fails to treat the latter as equals with men. Some scholars argue that the state should not take interest in voluntary family collections (McMahon, 2010).The reason behind it being that it would illegitimately endorse one comprehensive doctrine over others. To them, an unjust family arrangement is one that undermines the equality of women and fails to recognize that wives are equal citizens with their husbands. As such, polygamy is a structural inegalitarian practice that subjects women to higher(prenominal) risks of harmful effects compared to men (McMahon, 2010). It is for this reason that polygamy should be forbidden since it denies women the liberty, rights and opportunities available to men. In essence, polygamy represents an unjustified asymmetry of power between men and women and in my opinion should therefore be banned.Overpopulation in affected countriesIn sub-Saharan Africa, the culture of polygamy has contributed to explosive population growth since the early 1950s (McMahon, 2010). By exposing almost all women to early and prolonged d yellow biles of pregnancy, polygamy results in high fertility rate of between seven and nine children in these countries. The introduction of low-priced and effective healthcare and sanitary technology from developed countries is also a contributing component (McMahon, 2010).The control of sexually transmitte d infections becomes overly difficult in the practice of polygamy (Beaman and Calder, 2013). Take for instance a man who has five wives under his wing. He testament engage in sexual relations with all of them and since he is married to all, using protection becomes inconsequential. If either the man or one of the wives is suffering from a sexually transmitted disease, every other participant in the fold is at risk of contracting it. In a study conducted in Nigeria, westside Africa, it was found that those men in the survey had more than three or more wives (Beaman and Calder, 2013).This meant that they were more likely to engage in extra-married sex and were at higher risk of contacting sexually transmitted diseases and infecting their wives. This proves women were at higher risk from men with three or more wives both as their wives and as extramarital sex partners.As a form of fashion, Christian missionaries and Eurasian societies consider polygamy morally wrong. Well-read Chris tian-African elites in sub Saharan Africa believe polygamy is backward, bush and barbaric behavior (Jencks and Milton, 2010). To outsiders, polygamy is a highly undetestable social system whose origin is traced back to pre-colonial times. In addition, polygamy often coincides with crimes that target women and children such as incest, sexual assault, statutory rape and harm to pay child support (Jencks and Milton, 2010).Marital dissatisfaction Another argument against polygamy is that more often than not, it is likely to present harmful effects especially towards the women and children. Women in polygamous marriages are at higher risk of having low esteem issues, depression and constant worry compared to women in monogamous relationships. Studies have also revealed these women enjoy less marital satisfaction and more problematic mother-child relationships (Bennion, 2012). Additionally, women in polygamous marriages are prone to depression when they become pregnant since their h usbands divert their sexual attention to the other wives. These women are typically subservient to their husbands who tho value them for the childbearing role. Consequently, polygamous women are left devoid of any powers to exercise any control of the marriage. This buds into feelings of impotency and emotional turmoil (Bennion, 2012).Several studies also show that only a small fraction of women in polygamous marriages work outside the home (Ward, 2010). to the highest degree of them lack the mandate or ability to seek employment. Research on polygamy amongst the Arabs revealed that first wives are inferior to junior and subsequent wives. They experienced more stinting hardships and less satisfactory relationships with their husbands. Some scholars also noted that polygamous marriages effortd harmful psychological effects on a number of first wives (Ward, 2010). This caused most of them to seek mental health treatment and psychiatric outpatient services. Several of these psychol ogical disorders seen widely among first wives included anxiety, depression and somaticized symptoms (Ward, 2010). It has also been shown that first wives and teachers described relationships with husbands and fathers as neglectful. This showed a lack of interest and minimal interaction with them and their children. This caused them to suffer adverse effects from the polygamous union. On the contrary, junior wives were highly favored by their husbands. They were allowed to obtain more economic resources and support.Effects on children from polygamous familiesResearch indicates that children from polygamous families are at heightened risks of developing harmful effects. There is considerable evidence that points to these children experiencing higher incidence of marital conflicts, family violence and disruptions than do children of monogamous families (Jacobson and Burton, 2011). Moreover, children from polygamous backgrounds are more likely to develop behavioral and socializing prob lems. The same problems are also reflected in their instruction execution in school. Most teachers unanimously agreed that problems faced by polygamous children are somewhat similar (Jacobson and Burton, 2011).These include disobedience, hyperactivity, repeated lying to a teacher or person in authority, sibling fights, enuresis and stuttering. Their levels of academic achievement were also below average.Polygamous children displayed inability to concentrate in class, had low attendance, incompletion of homework, maladjustment to schoolroom procedures, peer and teacher relational problems (Jacobson and Burton, 2011). On the other hand, situational problems are likely to arise such as higher number of siblings, higher number of agnate figures, absence of the father figure, competition and green-eyed monster of family members over resources and emotional relationships with the father (Bennion, 2012). In addition, living areas were often crowded and economic resources taxed to the l imit due to the high number of dependants. These children do not grow up to experience the parental love that is overflowing in monogamous systems (Bennion, 2012). Such children will be tempted to employ to other avenues to compensate the missing love. It is then that they find themselves trapped in the world of crime, adultery and other social vices. Children from polygamous marriages are more supersensitive to drug abuse (Bennion, 2012).Adolescent males in these unions were found to fair much worse than those from monogamous marriages. This was attributed to exposure to a chaotic life where the child is trustworthy for protecting his mother and sisters from dysfunctional stressors of living in a polygamous household (Ward, 2010). Children often become defensive of their own families and display resentment and anger towards the other sub-family. In times of discord, most of the senor wifes children side with their mother over the biological father. The reason for this is obvious loyalty to their mothers, half-sibling rivalry and jealousy in equal measure. However, the father and his tribe have expectations that they would side with. This has caused man of the children significant confusions with their boundaries and loyalties alike (Ward, 2010).Effects on polygamous men Men in polygamous marriages have been linked to several negative effects. To start with, men are more likely to suffer from alcoholism, which can arise due to psychological problems (Jencks and Milton, 2010). Secondly, men in polygamous marriages in most times fall short in terms of education achievements compared to their monogamous counterparts. This suitcase of evidence is substantial enough to believe there is a prima facie case of polygamy being linked to adverse effects. Though this effects impact upon all members of a polygamous family, women are at higher risk (Jencks and Milton, 2010).One proposed argument defines polygamy as a structurally uneven practice. This inequality li es in the fact that polygamy as practiced today normally permits men to marry many wives while the vice versa is highly critiqued. The most convincing argument against polygamy is that men are permitted plural marriages while women are not (Jencks and Milton, 2010). This asymmetry of power is blatantly unacceptable. Structural inequality raises concerns with other issues that affect women. The argument continues to state that asymmetry of power plays a authoritative role in the theme of sexual harassment. Polygamy represents asymmetry of power between man and women, which is simultaneously linked, to male domination of women (Jencks and Milton, 2010).These reservations against polygamy are conditional upon the justification of unequal status of women. If women shared equal opportunities to marry more than one husband, then the asymmetry of power might be broken. Essentially, if there were a sex-equal polygamy that respected the have of men and women equally, such polygamy would be justified (Beaman and Calder, 2013).While there may be structural asymmetries in the system of polygamy, the unequal status of women would be in cosmea together with other contributory facts. Polygamous marriages need not entail unequal status quo for women. It remains objectionable therefore for polygamy to be reserved only for men, consent notwithstanding (Beaman and Calder, 2013). In the contemporary liberal society, civil marriages that fail to assign equal importance to consent of all spouses are not tolerated. They are also rejected if they do not offer the exit option of divorce to either spouse (Beaman and Calder, 2013).Polygamy is thus unjustified because spouses lack equal options to divorce. In critical view of all these parameters, polygamy is not justified regardless of whatever ground. This asymmetry of power exists whether the polygamous marriage is polygynous or polyandrous (Beaman and Calder, 2013).Polygamy also discriminates against non-heterosexuals. All forms o f it presuppose that polygamous marriages are heterosexual marriages. If we were to defend polygamy, then we would have to make available opportunities that would include heterosexuals and exclude non-heterosexuals. Human beings must be able to exercise several capabilities including the capability of affiliation (Jencks and Milton, 2010). However, this capability forbids discrimination on basis of sexual orientation. Hence, polygamy violates the capability of affiliation as it discriminates based on sexual orientation in excluding non-heterosexuals.This paper has highlighted many issues about polygamy, its origin, pros, and cons. The main purpose of the essay was to examine the negative effects of polygamous marriages in society. especial(a) defences of polygamy have been highlighted throughout this report. Most of the defences do not hold water in the current day and age. In the first place, polygamy is a structurally inegalitarian practice in fact. This article has provided prim a facie evidence those polygamous marriages subject women to a greater risk of harmful effects. Furthermore, I have argued that polygamous marriages are most often polygynous marriages. Therefore, women lack the equal opportunity of men to form polygamous marriages with multiple partners of the opposite sex in practice. The second ground is that polygamy is a structurally inegalitarian practice in theory.I have argued that polygamy not only threatens the equality of men and women in fact,but also the equality of polygamous marriage partners as thelatter have asymmetrical opportunities to divorce. Additionally, the findings nonetheless associate polygamous family structures with somatic complaints among senior wives, family dysfunction between the sub-families and within the senior wife headed sub-family. stinting deprivation within the senior wife headed sub-family is also rife coupled with behavioral and scholastic problems among senior wives children. Moreover, the childrens behav ioral problems are noted and correlated polygamy with behavioral problems, sibling rivalries and drug abuse.However, every right needs to be guaranteed by law. It is therefore necessary that the right to polygamy be reviewed and revised accordingly. Harsh and more stringent laws should be enforced on those found practicing polygamy since it is considered illegal in most states. Justice is only possible when people have access to the juridical system, thus it is necessary that family courts be established at the provincial and district level to address issues such as polygamy. Religious scholars and clerics, consider the huge office that they have towards increasing the Islamic knowledge of public and informing them on their Islamic obligations. They should consider it their duty to explain the philosophy and rational of polygamy to the lodge and should hold open men from polygamy. Women are the principle victims of polygamy.They must learn more about their religious and human r ights mainly when it comes to family rights and issues related to polygamy. It is only at such a time that this knowledge and awareness and practicing their rights will close the way for unjustifiable marriages of their husbands. Building the capacities and economical empowering of women is considered the main method of fighting this vice. Economical empowerment will help women to resist against the new marriages of their husbands. Thus, it is required to search areas for capacity building and economical empowerment of women through their own efforts and with the collaboration of government and other accountable organs and to implement specific programs in this regard. Children are amongst the most vulnerable in polygamous systems.The psychological effects of discrimination and injustice between children of wives cause problems in the process of their normal growth. Specific research has been done on the psychological effects of polygamy on children and illustrated the dimensions o f the forthcoming effects. Awareness might be elevated via the local media, religious leaders, and the formal and informal education systems. Such awareness may lead to public discussions about the benefits and the economic and psychological burdens of polygamy. Thereby, this will lift the ability and the freedom of individuals in the community to choose their own ways of family life. Programs should be developed to assist women and children in polygamous families to cope with the difficulties in their lives. For those already in polygamous marriages, a support group for wives could be offered in the community. In such groups, women can share their feelings and find ways to overcome pain and conflicts.Children in polygamous families can be supported through the school system and via after-school programs. In addition, social practitioners and family therapists should develop methods of intervention with polygamous families, by chance adapting concepts and techniques taken from bo th family therapy and group work. All members in the family could learn how to negotiate for attention and resources, how to compromise, and how to build a successful small. Beyond counseling, for the well-being of the family as a whole, it is crucial that concrete assistance be provided where it is needed in the form of financial benefits, school materials for the children, food aid, and health care. Both men and women in polygamous families should be helped to acquire marketable skills and to enter the job market, which would give them both a modicum of financial independence and some sense of empowerment.Conclusion In conclusion, the effects of polygamy in family, society to the country have been shown to be diverse. It is clear for many particularly men that there are positive aspects of leading a polygamous life. For the remaining many, polygamy remains a stubborn lesion that results in sadness, depression, confusion, resentment, loss of identity and love. It is therefore not surprising to realize that women and children oppose this type of family life and wish to form monogamous families in the future. Moreover, members of the family do not succeed in overcoming their anger, jealousy, and antipathy. It has also been highlighted how intergenerational suffering in the form of disengagement, fighting, emotional turmoil, and interrelational conflicts are prevalent. It is important that community awareness of these potential negative effects of polygamy be elevated and addressed urgently.ReferencesBennion, J. (2012).Polygamy in primetime Media, gender, and politics in Mormon fundamentalism. Waltham, Massachusetts Brandeis University Press.Crooks, R., & Baur, K. (2014).Favourite Wife. Escape from polygamy.Darger, J. (2011). acknowledge times three Our true story of a polygamous marriage. New York Harper One.Gallichan, W. M. (2012).Women under polygamy. London Holden & Hardingham.In Beaman, L. G., & In Calder, G. (2013).Polygamys rights and wrongs Perspect ives on harm, family, and law.Jacobson, C. K., & Burton, L. (2011). in advance(p) polygamy in the United States Historical, cultural, and legal issues. Oxford Oxford University Press.Jencks, E. N., & Milton, D. (2010).The history and philosophy of marriage, or, Polygamy and monogamy compared. S.l. Born Again Pub.McMahon, K. (2010).Polygamy and sublime passion Sexuality in China on the margin of modernity. Honolulu University of Hawaii Press.Ward, P. (2010).Family law in Ireland. Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands Kluwer Law International.Source document

Career Counselling and Development

In the radical Careering Model, Miller-Tiedeman uses case studies and dissertateion points throughout the text journey to support both professionals and students learn practical application. In the book by Miller Tiedeman, historical events, models, and comparison charts are punctuated all throughout lending a global perspective to the New Careering model. The visual Pythagorean wheel blueprinting the spectrum of living harmonies activates different dimensions of awareness and possibilities for carriage.This model is ideal for use in the classrooms (Mah acey, 2007). The book includes end-of-chapter questions, in-class exercises, and potential homework projects. The book appropriate for beginning direction education courses, entrepreneurial classes in business administration, course classes in other disciplines, church groups, pastoral notifyling classes, and support/study groups.While many career counselling models urinate focused almost entirely on practical methods aimed a t occupation with little attention to the process nature of life, Miller Tiedeman outlines a creative approach that advocates a theory of life, not job, as career. Focus is centred on a three-fold approach of thinking, feeling, and forgeting of the career theory of the individual, by addressing logical, emotional, and apparitional aspects as cited in the book.In a global and human perspective, Miller Tiedeman illustrates, through detail of theory, a broader view of career places in which individuals whoremonger get in touch with their deeper spiritual selves. This book by Miller Tiedeman unfolds into three major comp mavinnts such as Learning the New Careering The What Question Practicing the New Careering The How Question and the Living the New Careering The Why Question.Through this journey of introspection and a myriad of careering article of beliefs, the reader is able to ask about his/her own life direction. Miller Tiedeman helps guide the question, Does ones life com pass mostly toward job and things, or is it toward the journey as a whole? Every chapter ends with discussion questions that evoke powerful inquiries into ones complete approach to life and career.The book by Miller Tiedeman is highly detailed and theory focused. One theory, in particular, The Pythagorean model a spectrum of living harmonies illustrates different dimensions of awareness and possibilities for life, and demonstrates how the lodge power streams of focused energy through different parts of ourselves i.e., the body, emotions, mind, will, intuitive thoughts and feelings, make up our complete life and career backdrop. Nine primary energies suggest nine basic power streams that are universal and available in every persons life.The nine power streams outlined include the power stream of tightly fitting relationship, initiative, artistic creativity, freedom, achievement, sociability, life experience, inner wisdom, humanitarian service will to power.Miller Tiedeman met e very object in outlining in detail many of the aspects of New Careering and how it relates to the human elements of life. I highly recommend this book for anyone and everyone connecting with people for career, life, and inner growth as salutary as for career direction from a holistic or whole-life approach.Bearing of the Quantum Theory on Career CounsellingThe New Careering method, based on the principle of flow, much like nature, uses as its foundation ideas from a broad range of theories including Quantum physics. It is said that change need not occur linearly, but rather can be discontinuous a quantum leap. In counselling, clients should be prepared for quantum shifts at times from the impact of even minor make forslike those at time produced from set clarification exercises.The quantum theory was asserting that the character of nature was essentially mental. The quantum theory was merely a tool for do predictions about experiences. The same line of thinking has led a serio us attempt by to bring human conscious experience into the quantum mechanical description of nature (Bozarth, 1985).Decision-making ProcessDecision-making process is ordinarily approach as an outcome of a long, continuous cognitive processes that may result to the distinguishion of a course(s) of action among several alternatives. This process leads to a utmost choice, action or an opinion, among the alternatives (Reason, 1990).The decision-making process is integrated in the interaction with the environment (Kahneman, 2000). It is a problem solving process that is halted upon arrival to a sound issue to the problem. It can be rational or irrational. It can be based on explicit or tacit assumptions.My own style of decision-making could greatly influence the way I counsel. This is because my style of arriving at a decision and my way of resolving issues will be carried on how a client and I will arrive at a course of action(s) for the clients case at hand. I might help a client who comes to me for help with making career-related decisions by drawing out various alternatives then at the end of it, allowing the client to choose the best option that the client thinks best fit.Issues Explored on the lymph gland in the Vignette and the Envisioned Counselling Process1. Identify the need for counsellingIn this vignette, it is evident that there is a need for focused, two-way intercourse with the client. There are several issues explored from the vignette on the client named Bridget, a thirty (30) years old senior college student who is raised from dairy raise in a small town in the New York State. According to Bridget, none of her siblings attended college.That is, after high school Bridget was eager to become financially independent and worked for a few years as a cashier at K-Mart near her hometown. Bridget eventually decided to major in biology in a college in Kansas. In that school, she got a 3.0 average. It was at this period when Bridget felt anxious abo ut graduating and leaving her comfortable niche in school. That time, Bridget was not sure about what to do with her life. She also thought that the job market in both Kansas and nearby towns is rather limited. That time, Bridgets former supervisor at K-Mart would be willing to give her a job as manager. However, Bridget felt that despite the pay check, getting that managerial job would be like she had never foregone to college at all.2.Prepare for counsellingTo prepare for counselling, select a suitable place. Schedule counselling in an environment that minimizes interruptions. This environment has to be free from distracting sights and sounds.Schedule the time. When possible, counsel a confederate during the duty day. Counselling after duty hours may be rushed or perceived as unfavourable. The length of time take for counselling depends on the complexity of the issue. Generally a counselling session should last less than an hour. If you need more time, schedule a second sessi on. Additionally, select a time free from competition with other activities and consider what has been planned after the counselling session. Important events can distract a subordinate from concentrating on the counselling.Notify the client well about the scheduled counselling in advance. For a counselling session to be a subordinate-centred, two-person effort, the subordinate must have time to prepare for it. The subordinate should know why, where, and when the counselling will take place. Counselling following a specific event should happen as close to the event as possible. However, for performance or professional development counselling, subordinates may need a week or more to prepare or round off specific products, such as support forms or counselling recordsOrganize information. Solid preparation is essential to effective counselling. Review all pertinent information. This includes the declare oneself of the counselling, facts and observations about the subordinate, identif ication of possible problems, main points of discussion, and the development of a plan of action. Focus on specific and objective behaviors that the subordinate must maintain or improve as well as a plan of action with clear, obtainable goals.Outline the counselling session components. Using the information obtained, determine what to discuss during the counselling session. Note what prompted the counselling, what you aim to achieve, and what your role as a counsellor is. Identify possible comments or questions to help you keep the counselling session subordinate-centred and help the subordinate progress through its stages. Although you never know what a subordinate will say or do during counselling, a written outline helps get up the session and enhances the chance of positive results.Plan the counselling strategy. The right atmosphere promotes two-way communication between a leader and subordinate. To establish a relaxed atmosphere, you may cracking the subordinate a seat or a c up of coffee. You may want to sit in a chair facing the subordinate since a desk can act as a barrier.Some situations make an informal atmosphere inappropriate. For example, during counselling to correct substandard performance, you may direct the subordinate to sojourn standing while you remain seated behind a desk. This formal atmosphere, normally used to give specific guidance, reinforces the leaders rank, locate in the chain of command, and authority.Establish the right atmosphere. The right atmosphere promotes two-way communication between a leader and subordinate. To establish a relaxed atmosphere, you may offer the subordinate a seat or a cup of coffee. You may want to sit in a chair facing the subordinate since a desk can act as a barrier.Some situations make an informal atmosphere inappropriate. For example, during counselling to correct substandard performance, you may direct the subordinate to remain standing while you remain seated behind a desk. This formal atmosphere , normally used to give specific guidance, reinforces the leaders rank, position in the chain of command, and authority.3. Conduct counsellingDuring the conduct of counselling, opening the session should be in a manner that would make the client at ease with the activity. Her stories should be carefully listened to, giving particular attention to the details of her case. There is a need to observe Bridgets behaviour and performance. The issues will be discussed one by one. Then Bridgets case will be compared to the standard. Then develop the plan of action. After careful analysis, feedback(s) will be provided to Bridget in the form of counselling. save and closing the session should be done in order to deliver an efficient counselling work that entails exploration of Bridgets case, understanding and resolving the issues.4. wed upAfter the implementation of the plan of action, the results have to be evaluated. During the evaluation, the plan of action has to be reviewed with the cl ient to determine if the desired results were achieved. This evaluation session gives applicable data and information for future follow-up counselling activities.ReferencesBozarth, J. D. (1985). Quantum theory and the person-centered approach. Journal of Counseling and Development. Special issue, 64(3),179-182.Kahneman, Daniel and Tversky, Amos. 2000. Choice, Values, Frames. The Cambridge University Press.Mahoney, Moira. 2007. Review Learning, Practicing, and Living in the New Careering. Career homework and Adult Development Network. Unite Media Group, Inc. http//www.careertrainer.com/Request.jsp?nView=PrintArticle&Article=OID%3A52982.Miller Tiedeman, Anna. Learning, Practicing, and Living the New Careering.Reason, James. 1990. Human Error. Ashgate..

David Berman Essay

David Berman reviewed the macroeconomic returns on schedule turns as he inclined(p) for his regular appearance on CNBCs scream Box as a morning co- array. A leading expert on consumer related credit lines, Berman and his colleagues including portfolio manager Steve Kernkraut, a seas unmatchabled sell executive and analyst, were shop contributors to various TV shows. On April 4th 2005, Fortune magazine ran a story on Berman c eached King of the Retail Jungle, and on December 13th, 2004, Barrons ran a story called Smart Shopper where Bermans four stock picks as identified, appreciated 30% on average over the next quarter. Off bearing he was a fund manager as good as founder and president of Berman big(p) (which managed proprietary bullion) and founder of and general partner in New York-based Durban Capital, L.P. (which managed outside and proprietary heavy(p)). Glancing at his nones on macro efforts in retail stock turns, Berman wondered if he should talk approximately his impressions on the show.Berman held a bachelors distributor point in finance and masters equivalency in accountancy from the University of Cape Town in South Africa. He had also passed the South African chartered comptroller and the United States CPA examinations. Berman obtained his CPA qualification in California while an auditor for Arthur Andersen and Comp either where he examined the financial statements and ope dimensionns of a number of retail clients. He had been the auditor of Bijan, the notable mens upscale habit breed on Rodeo Drive and 5th Avenue. Prior to starting his own funds Berman worked as a portfolio manager and analyst primarily at two Wall thoroughfare firms. He evolved his investment style under the tutelage of Michael Steinhardt of Steinhardt Partners, which he joined shortly after graduating with distinction from Harvard Business School in 1991. From 1994 to 1997 Berman worked in consumer-related stocks at an separate large hedge fund. He subsequentl y launched Berman Capital in 1997 and Durban Capital in 2001.Professor Ananth Raman of Harvard Business School, Professor Vishal Gaur of the Stern School of Business at New York University, and Harvard Business School doctorial Candidate Saravanan Kesavan prepared this case. Certain details ache been disguised. HBS cases are developed solely as the basis for class discussion. Cases are not mean to facilitate as endorsements, sources of pristine data, or illustrations of effective or ineffective caution.Copy secure 2005 President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685, relieve Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http//www.hbsp.harvard.edu. No part of this publication may be reproduced, fundd in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any meanselectronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwisewithout the permission of Harvard Bus iness School.copy or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissionshbsp.harvard.edu or 617-783-7860. 605-081David BermanBerman believed that his training as an accountant together with his MBA and practices he developed over the eld to refine accounting estimates enabled him to bank bill aspects of retail accounts that would be missed by most investors. The relationship mingled with gunstock and earnings and therefore share mo pelfary value, for typeface, while obvious to a retail merchant, was rarely recognized by analysts or investors. This relationship, Berman observed, is ASTOUNDINGLY powerful, but surprisingly fewer understand why. Most think its just a function of inventory risk. Its not. Its primarily a function of how the operating margins can be manipulated by management in the short term by playing round with inventories. For example, said Berman, if a retailers inventories are growing much faster than sales, then rough margins would be taller than they ordinarily should be, as the retailer has not taken the mark-downs that a solid disciplined retailer should take.Interestingly, Berman beamed, there is no law in GAAP that limits the number of twenty-four hour hitchs inventory to any norm, and as such, the practice of increase inventories beyond any norm goes unfettered. Berman continued managements sign-off on the inventories as being fairly valued, and the auditors pretty much rely on their word. Berman believed that from an investors perspective, its a game of musical chairs you dont want to be the go person standing. In other words, you dont want to be an investor when sales slow and when mark-downs of the bloated inventory finally need to be taken to move the goods.The relationship of inventories to sales was also an important one that Berman focused on. In a period of rising inventories on a square foot basis, Berman says it is quite obvious that same store sales should rise as the offering to the customer is that much gre ater. Simply put, the much offerings you put in a store, ceteris paribus, the bigger sales should be. It is at this time, Berman argued, that the stock price rises, as investors trust high valuations on retailers with higher sales, despite that this higher valuation is achieved primarily due to the higher inventories.An excellent example of the inventory to sales relationship was root word DepotIn 2001 and 2002 Home Depots new CEO, Bob Nardelli1, seemed to struggle in managing the transition from a cash in-flow GE-type philosophy to a retailer Home Depot-type philosophy. In his DeeBee Report2 dated June 10th 2003, Berman stated Bob Nardelli learned the power of inventory the hard way. In focusing on cash flow improvement, he dramatically lowered inventories and yes, addd cash balances only to see a huge decline in same store sales, and in its stock price the stock went from around $40 to $22. And so, under immense pressure, Nardelli reversed course and focused intensely on i ncreasing inventories. Since Q2 of last year, inventories had been building until they were up 25% year over year. And yes, same store sales did improve, as did the stock price.Recognizing this as potentially a short-fix, Berman continued today the cynical would view this increase in sales with skepticism, noting that it wasnt of high quality as it was due, in part, to the massive inventory build. It is, however, pleasing to note that Home Depot simply got inventories back to normal, in that it now has turns similar to its competitors. The stock, following the same store sales and earnings increases, which in essence followed the inventories increase, rosiness from $22 at the start of 2003 to $36 by the end of 2003. When asked about this fix, Berman responded it will be more challenging for Nardelli to increase same store sales and margins going away forward because his increasing inventories and therefore same store sales is arguably a one-time benefit and is essentially what cau sed the fix. Berman concluded by1 Nardelli had worked at General Electric (GE) before taking over as CEO of the Home Depot.2 A periodic report where Berman discusses his thoughts on retail, focusing on inventories.Given his insights as articulated, Berman believed his fund could value firms more accurately through better valuation of inventory. This was pivotal to his investment strategy. You see, Berman elaborated, Wall Street basically ignores inventory. Its actually quite amazing to me This gives us one of our edges. Comparing recently gathered retailer numbers that examined total sales in the U.S. economy to total inventory, for almost 300 retailers, Berman remarked The total sales to total inventory numbers is also a crucial relationship over time, and it gives us a macro edge, if thats possible to believe. Indeed, at the end of Q2, 2003 I knew there would be serious inventory rebuilding in the economy going forward, as overall sales had enceinte at a faster rate than inventor ies. Indeed, in Q3, 2003 we saw a rapid and unexpected increase in GDP from 2.3% to 3.5% thanks in part to inventory rebuilding. This increase continued through Q1, 2004 when GDP growth reached 5%.Berman loved to discuss investment opportunities he had spotted by looking carefully at firm inventoryOne of the clearest examples was Saucony (Nasdaq SCNYA), a shoe partnership based near Boston, MA. Berman identified this company as a fuddled buy when he noticed in 2003 that even though sales were flattish, inventories had declined about 20% year over year. To Berman, this point well for future pull in margins. He started buying the stock at $14 in late 2003 due primarily to these lean inventories, despite that the stock was illiquid thus manifesting greater risk, and despite that management was remarkably coy about sharing nurture. A year later, the stock had doubled. During this time period, sales rose, as did inventories, and of course, the gross margin expanded significantly, a s expected.Earnings per share rose from $0.85 in 2002 to $1.29 in 2004. Bermans selling, which came shortly after management asked him to ring the Nasdaq bell with them, was once again based on a functionof his inventory analysis. This time it was the opposite scenario inventories were now growing at the same pace as sales, so the trend of sales to inventories had deteriorated and Berman was worried. To make matters worse, calls to management were not being returned. Sure enough, in March 2005, before Berman had gotten out of this illiquid position, Saucony announced it would miss earnings estimates and the stock cratered 20%.Yet another clear example was Bombay (NYSE BBA). In November 2003, Bombay Company, a fashionable home accessories, wall dcor, and furniture retailer, announced that sales were up 19% with inventories up 50% year over year. While the retailer beat earnings estimates, the company spoke of early November sales weakness, and the stock declined 20% that day to $1 0. Despite the decline, and noticing that inventories were up way too much, Berman felt the music had stopped. Going into Q4 it was clear they would energise to miss numbers again unless the consumer saved them, which would be a shocker, he said. Just over two weeks later they lowered earnings again and the stock crated another 20% to $8. Remarkably, just four weeks later, after Christmas, management lowered earnings yet again, and the stock declined yet another 20%. It was so sweet exclaimed Berman, to see the classic inventory / earnings relationship at work so quickly. In just one and a half months, the stock declined 50% primarily because of inventory mismanagement along with weaker sales.As Berman prepared to leave for the studio, Christina Zinn, a young apprentice he had just hired from Harvard Business School, walked in and presented him with a stack of papers containing the valuation of washstand B. River ( whoremaster B. River Clothiers, Inc. NASDAQ JONR). JONR is underva lued, Zinn remarked, and I think we should invest in this stock. Sales were up 24% in 2004 over the previous year, and gross margins, having risen for four straight years, seem to have peaked at 60% (one of the highest gross margins in all of US retail).2005, the companys price/earnings ratio is less than that of its primary competitor, workforces Wearhouse, which is at 17.5 times estimated earnings. This is particularly strange given that washbowl B. River has been growing faster than Mens Wearhouse during the last few years.Inventory productivity in the Retail SectorInventory dollar volume, the ratio of cost of goods sold to average inventory level, was commonly used to measure the performance of inventory managers, canvas inventory productivity across retailers, and assess performance improvements over time.3 But wide variations in the annual inventory turnover of U.S. retailers year to year not only across, but also inside, firms make it difficult to assess inventory produc tivity in practice, as evidenced by the following example and questions. surrounded by 1987 and 2000 annual inventory turnover at Best Buy Stores, Inc. (Best Buy), a consumer electronics retailer, ranged from 2.85 to 8.53. Annual inventory turnover at three peer retailers during the same period exhibited similar variation at Circuit City Stores, Inc. from 3.97 to 5.60 at communicate Shack Corporation from 1.45 to 3.05 and at CompUSA, Inc. from 6.20 to 8.65. Given such variation how could inventory turnover be used to assess these retailers inventory productivity? Could these variations be correlated with better or worse performance? Could it be reasonably concluded from this example that Best Buy managed its inventory better than Radio Shack?Inventory turnover could be correlated with other performance measures. Strong correlations, as between inventory turnover and gross margin, might have implications for the assessment of retailers inventory turnover performance. (Figure 1 plot s the four consumer electronics retailers annual inventory turnover against their gross margins (the ratio of gross profit top of markdowns to net sales) for the period 1987-2000.)Relationships among Management MeasuresRelationships among inventory turns, gross margins, and capital eagerness were central to deriving suitable benchmarks for assessing corporate performance. (Figure 2 presents a simplified view of an income statement and balance sheet. Table 1 presents mathematical definitions for inventory turnover, gross margin, capital specialty, return on assets, sales growth, and other management measures based on Figure 2 .)Whereas return on assets, sales growth, return on equity, and financial leverage tended not to vary consistently from one retail segment to another, variation in the components of return on assets was observed between and within industry segments. (Table 2 lists retail segments4 and examples of firms.) Table 3 presents gross margins, inventory turns, GMROI5 , and asset turns for super markets, drugstores, convenience stores, apparel retailers, jewelry retailers, and toy stores.) Retailers with stable, predictable demand and long product lifecycles such as grocery, drug, and convenience stores tended to have better efficiency ratios (asset turns and inventory turns) than other retailers, retailers of short lifecycle products such as apparel, shoes, electronics, jewelry, andAn alternative measure of inventory productivity, days of inventory, could be substituted for inventory turnover for the present analysis.Classification of segments is based on S&Ps Compustat database.GMROI is defined as gross margin return on inventory investment.Variation in gross margins, inventory turns, and SG&A expenses within and between segmentsROE could be decomposed into gross margin and inventory turns, and further into the relationship between capital intensity and inventory turns (see below).Anticipating roughly similar ROE measures for different retailer s, all else remaining equal, a change in any of the component metrics on the right side of the equation would be expected to result in a compensating change in some other component metric. For example, for ROE among retailers to be eq weight a retailer with higher gross margins would need to experience a compensating change in some other component, such as inventory turns. gross(a) margin and inventory turnsGross margin and inventory turns were expected to be negatively correlated, that is, an increase in gross margin was expected to be accompany by a decrease in inventory turnover. A retailer that carried a unit of product longer before selling it (i.e., a retailer with slower inventory turns) would expect to earn substantially more on its inventory investment than a retailer that carried the inventory item for a shorter period. For example, Radio Shack, which turned its inventory less frequently than twice a year,was expected to realize higher gross margins on each sale than ret ailers such as CompUSA, which turned its inventory more than eight times per year. Retailers such as Radio Shack were said to be following the profit path (i.e., earning high profit with each sale), retailers such as CompUSA the turnover path (i.e., earning quickly after making an inventory investment small profits with each sale).Retailers within the same segment were expected to achieve equivalent inventory productivity. Inventory productivity could be estimated as the product of a firms gross margins and inventory turns, termed gross margin return on inventory investment or GMROI (pronounced JIMROY). If GMROI remained stable within a segment an inverse relationship between gross margin and inventory turns would be observed. (Figure 3 depicts the expected relationship.)A correlation between gross margin and inventory turns, although expected, did not, however, imply a causative relationship between the two variables. That is, a firm that increased its gross margin by better manag ing its inventory turns would not necessarily decline commensurately. The correlation between gross margin and inventory turns could instead resile mutual dependence on the characteristics of a retailers business.Capital intensity and inventory turnsInvestments in warehouses, information technology, and inventory andlogistics management systems involved capital investment, which, being accounted for as fixed assets, was measured by an increase in capital intensity. Firms that made such capital investments often enjoyed higher inventory turns. Hence, inventory turns could be positively correlated with capital intensity.That an increase in inventory turnover and coincident decrease in gross margin was not necessarily indicative of improved inventory management capability suggested limits to the use of inventory turnover in performance analysis. If, however, two firms had similar inventory turnover and gross margin values but different capital intensities the firm with the lower capi tal intensity might possibly have better inventory management capability. It was thus desirable to incorporate changes in gross margin and capital intensity into evaluations of inventory productivity.Zinns Analysis of John B. RiverBerman fidgeted in his chair. He enjoyed opportunities to evangelize to and educate television audiences, but found the wait in the studio tedious. Until called to hold aside on various aspects of managerial performance and investment strategy he would, he decided, wade through the report Zinn had prepared for him.Company BackgroundOn November 8, 2004 John B. River Clothiers, Inc., a leading U.S. retailer of mens tailored and casual clothing and accessories, opened its 250th store. The retailer employed, in addition to the physical store format, two other channels catalogs, and the Internet. Production of John B. Rivers designs according to its specifications was contracted to third party vendors and suppliers.John B. Rivers product suite, intended to co me a male career professional from head to toe, was identified with high quality and value. Its upscale, classic product offerings included tuxedos, blazers, shirts, ties, vests,pants, and sports wear. Excepting branded shoes from other vendors, all products were marketed under the John B. River brand.Trends in workplace clothing were an important determinant of John B. River sales growth. Thus, the early 1990s trend towards acceptability of informal clothing in the workplace was cause for concern to a retailer that emphasized mens formal suits. But in the early 2000s the pendulum seemed to spend back, with increasing numbers of employees preferring to dress more formally for the workplace.The material in this section is from John B. River Clothiers, Incs 2004 10-K StatementRetail stores were John B. Rivers primary sales channel. Eighty percent of store space was dedicated to selling activities, the remaining 20% allocated to stockroom and tailoring and other support activities. Ta iloring was a differentiating service highly valued by the retailers clientele. John B. River catered to high-end customers and so located its retail stores in areas with appropriate demographics. Its seven outlet stores provided a channel for liquidating excess merchandise.John B. Rivers catalog and Internet channels accounted for approximately 11% of net sales in fiscal 2003 and 12% of net sales in fiscal 2002. Approximately eight million catalogs were distributed over these two years. Catalog sales were supported by a toll-free number that provided access to sales associates.The primary competitors of John B. River were Mens Wearhouse Inc. (Ticker MW) and Brooks Brothers (privately held). Apart from competing with thesespecialty retailers, John B. River competed with large department stores such as Macys and Filenes, which enjoyed substantially greater financial and marketing resources.Supply ChainJohn B. Rivers merchandise buying and planning staff used sophisticated information systems to convey product designs and specifications to suppliers and third party contract manufacturers and manage the production process worldwide. Approximately 24% of product purchases in fiscal 2003 were sourced from U.S. suppliers. Mexico accounted for 15% and none of the other countries from which products were sourced accounted for more than 10% of purchases. An agent was employed to source products from countries located in or near Asia.All inventory was received at a centralized distribution center (CDC), from which it was redistributed to warehouses or directly to stores. Store inventory was tracked using point-of-sale information and stock was replenished as necessary. John B. River expected to spend between $3 and $4 million in fiscal 2004 to increase the capacity of its CDC to accommodate 500 stores nationwide.Growth Strategy and RisksJohn B. River had developed a five-pronged strategy for achieving growth. First, it think to further enhance product quality by elevat ing standards for design and manufacture. Second, it planned to expand catalog and internet operations. Third, it intended to introduce new products. Fourth, it was moving towards eliminating middlemen from the sourcing of products Fifth, it was committed to providing consistently high service levels by maintaining high inventory levels.Anticipating that growth relied on opening new stores, John B. River planned to expand to 500 stores. Approximately 60 stores were opened in fiscal 2004, increasing store count to 273, and about 75 to 100 stores were planned from2005-08. Upfront costs associated with opening a new store included approximately $225,000 for leasehold improvements, fixtures, point-of-sale equipment, and so forth and an inventory investment of approximately $350,000, with higher inventory levels during peak periods.John B. Rivers growth strategy was sensitive to consumer spending. John B. River relied on its emphasis on classic styles to retain a time out in mens suits, a strategy that rendered it less vulnerable to changes in fashions but dependent on continued demand for classic styles.Zinns Analysis of John B. Rivers Financial StatementsInventoryJohn B. River used the first-in-first out method to value inventory. During price increases FIFO valuation generated higher net income than LIFO valuation. John B. Rivers inventory had been growing rapidly over the past four years. Zinn was surprised by the inventory growth, especially that inventory had grown faster than sales. Although inventory grew by 54% in 2003, corresponding sales growth was only 23%. In 2004 however, sales grew 24% while inventory grew by only 4%. Inventory at the end of 2004 however continued to be high at 303 days. Further the days payables increased from 54 days in 1998 to 82 days in 2004. Payables as a percentage of inventory however had declined from roughly 33% in 1998 to roughly 27% in 2004. But Zinn was not sure these concerns had much impact on her valuation of the comp any.Financial ratios flow rate ratio and quick ratio had been hovering around 2 and 0.2, respectively.10,11 The large difference between these two ratios reflected the fact that most of John B. Rivers current assets were inventory. Obsolescence costs would consequently be fairly high and could place the retailer in financial distress.The other financial ratios were indicative of a healthy company. ROE had increased from 15% to 27% since fiscal 2000. This increase had been by and large fueled by an increasing profit margin (0.7% to 5.5% over the same period).John B. River had enjoyed rapid growth in sales over the last few years. Annual Sales growth had increased from 9% in 1998 to 24% in 2004, fueled by sales growth in existing stores (approximately 8% per year) as well as the opening of new stores and increased sales from the retailers catalog and internet channels. John B. River enjoyed a healthy increase in gross margins from 51% to 60% over the same period. Tables 4 and 5 provid e key operational metrics for John B. River and Mens Wearhouse.Prospective AnalysisZinn had taken the Business Analysis and Valuation (BAV) class at HBS and discovered the BAV tool.12 She had used this tool to create a simpler prototype (used in the present analysis) to capture key aspects of valuation. Table 6 provides some key historical operational metrics for John B. River that Zinn used for her prospective analysis.Current ratio, defined as the ratio of current assets to current liabilities, was an indicator of a companys ability to meet short-term debt obligations the higher the ratio the more liquid the company.Quick ratio (or acid-test ratio), defined as the ratio of (cash + accounts receivable) to current liabilities, measured a companys liquidity.The BAV tool was an Excel-based model developed by Harvard Business School faculty for valuing companies.Key assumptions made by Zinn in performing the prospective analysis of John B. River included the following.1) Time horizon Zinn chose a five year time horizon from 2005 to 2009 based on expected sales growth (derived from management projections). Beyond 2009 Zinn assumed the company to have reached a steady state defined by terminal values.2) Sales growth Zinn assumed that managements projections for new stores were reasonable and that the new stores would be equivalent in size and productivity with the retailers existing stores. Using growth assumptions about stores and same store sales, Zinn computed sales growth for fiscal years 2005-2008 to be 18% (based on 15% square footage growth and 3% same store sale growth), and 10% for 2009. Sales after 2010 in Zinns analysis were expected to grow at the 4% industry standard for retail apparel stores13.3) Gross margin Gross margin had been steadily increasing Zinn expected it to hover around 60% for the next five years and then assumed gross margin to reach its terminal value to reflect increased competition.4) Other assumptions about the income statement Zin n assumed that SG&A to sales and other operating expenses to sales would continue at the 2004 levels for the near term (till 2008).5) Assumptions about the balance sheet Zinn assumed that current assets to sales, current liabilities to sales, and long term assets to sales would continue at their 2004 levels, that is, the company would maintain a similar capital structure and remain as productive with its long term assets as in 2003. Zinn obtained terminal values from industry norms for Mens and boys clothing stores14. The market risk premium was assumed to be 5%, risk free rate 4.3%, marginal tax rate 42%, and cost of debt 4.5%. Based on these assumptions, the value of a JONR share was estimated to be $43.58. Given the current (April 11th, 2005) closing price of $34.37 (see Figure 4 for historical stock prices of JONR), Zinn rated the stock a strong buy.Youre On the Air in Five MinutesBerman knew he had to return to thinking about the bigger questions that would be posed by the host of the TV show. Yet he could not take his mind off of Zinns analysis. Berman smiled, knowing that his apprentices results were diametrically opposed to his own intuition. He recollected his conversation with the CEO and CFO of John B. River during one of the quarterly earnings calls when he was trying to learn about the retailer. When questioned about the steep increase in inventory, the CEO had mentioned that John B. River was planning to grow inventory in certain basic items like white shirts, khaki pants etc. as well as increase product variety to enhance service levels to its customers. Berman was not sure about this strategy of John B. River and wondered if the companys gross margins were temporarily inflated based on increased inventories over the years. On the other hand, inventory management had improved of late. As reported on the 4th April 2005, Q4, 2004 sales had increased 24% while inventories were up only 4% year over year.

Afro Samurai

The manga series Afro Samurai follows the life of a black samurai named Afro, who is on a mission to avenge his fathers death. After witnessing the death of his own father, Afro no longer lived a normal life. Instead, all he wanted to do was find and knock down Justice, the man who killed his father and took the Number One Headband. Interestingly, the past that brought him pain and hatred had only given him the force-out to carry on his life. As a kid, he killed anyone who stepped in his way of avenging his fathers death. level off though Afro is brave and strong enough to continue the lonely and dangerous journey, he still faced trauma and painful flashbacks. by Afro Samurai, we will be able to examine the psychological disorders and functions of remembrance by creating an outcome based on his childhood experiences. At a very untested age, Afro had to helplessly witness Justice cut off his dads head. Tears fell down on his face as the head was curlicue over to him. Normally, i f a child experiences such thing, he/she wouldve run away. However, Afro just stood on that point with his eyes wide open.It was too cruel and traumatic for him to even move with the situation. The feeling of fear, helplessness and anger had left a mental disease in Afro. Without shaking, he picked up the number 2 headband and his dads head. Carrying them in his bag, he set off to seek revenge from Justice. He went crazy and killed citizenry cruelly even though he was just a kid. ground on what happened to Afro when he was young, I diagnose that he might suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is an anxiety disorder caused by experiencing life- death situation, or witnessing out-of-control events.There are three types of PTSD symptoms peeping memory, avoidance/numbing, and increased anxiety or emotional arousal. Afro tended to show some symptoms that are related to avoidance and intrusive memory. While watching the first half of the second episode, I notice tha t Afro prefers not to talk. Lemonade, he replies shortly to the lady in the bar. Plus, he doesnt tie in any conversation with Ninja Ninja who most of the time talks endlessly. Afro definitely has emotional numbing as if he doesnt care about anything except revenge. Even though, his eyes are filled with sadness andanger, there is barely any facial expression shown when he is with his friend or when he kills people. On the early(a) hand, Afro also experiences flashback in his sleep after he is saved from a life and death situation. His breath becomes heavier and faster as he dreams about the freehanded incidents that has happened after his father died such as being chased, humiliated, and beaten up. The flashback comes when the event tends to happen again. It might be impossible to cure Afros mental illness since his emotion is numb. However, in order to help him, I need to define what he desires the most.Since he only aims for avenging and killing, it will be appropriate to change his opinion on his trauma and revenge. Cognitive therapy depose help him reflect on the whole situation. With the help of a therapist, he will be able to stand in his thoughts with more accurate and distressing thoughts. What would you do after you kill Justice? , Where are you going to take your life after you success your mission? , Do you think it will be the end after you kill Justice? , etc These questions can be asked to help Afro determine his real goal in life.The medical prognosis for Afros case depends upon the severity and length of time has suffered from PTSD. It will be difficult for Afro to recover since he was very aware when and how the incident happened. The treatment knead can be continued for years. Afro will be more likely to have fewer traumas when he sleeps, and show more emotion. As a human-being, he should be able to live and feel like a normal person. He might be addicted to seek revenge and kill people if he is not cured. Afros memory is mostly filled with his dads death.When he witnessed his dad died, his senses collected data and held those cruel details in sensory memory. From the sensory memory, the information was encoded and stored in working memory. Since the incident was too traumatic, it became flashbulb memory which was immediately stored in long-term memory. Better than anyone else, Afro knows that this memory cant ever be forgotten and it will haunt him for the rest of his life. Even though, it hurt to remember, it was what taught him to be strong and to be cruel to whoever tried to equipment casualty him.He kills people without a blink in his eyes just like how Justice did to his dad. Afro had suffered so much in the past, but it doesnt mean there is nothing bright in his memory. While he is unconscious after being poisoned and fell down from a cliff, he dreams about the little young lady who had saved him in the past. The little girl with her teddy bear is probably the only light in his dark memory. This long-te rm memory is retrieved to working memory as the situation seemed to repeat. Afro tends to act gently to the lady who doesnt only save him but also reminds him of that little girl.Maybe, after all, he is not a psycho killer. Painful memories tell him to be strong and give him the reason why he is alive. But, nice memories remind him that morality still exists in this obscure world. After all, by watching Afro Samurai, Im able to discover more about psychological disorder and function of memory. The movie helps me encode information deeper, store them better in my working memory, and retrieve them more affectively. It also shows me that pain perhaps is not there to destroy people, but to give them the strength to live on and do better.

Production of Food in the Future Essay

The idea of feeding a population of 9 zillion by the year 2050 is daunting. Consider the United Nations estimate that 1 billion mountain in the world today are famished. The average number of malnourished people worldwide between 1990and 2006 is 850 million with the high point of 1.023 billion hungry people, reached in the 2008 crises. Before we can determine if we can feed 9 billion people in 2050, is it not a better question to entreat Have we met the needs of our current population? Increases in population growth, higher nourishment prices due to accessiond demand, and rising poverty levels both in the US and internationally are all obstacles that need to be controlled. To begin with, strategies mentioned in The time to come of Food need to be put to hold, in order to vote out the challenges we face in meeting the growth demand for victuals.Elizabeth Dickinson states, the world is always on the verge of a food crisis (144).The population in this world is growing larger a nd larger everyday, so imagine how more than food production would need to increase to feed 9 billion people by 2050. For example, in Elizabeth Dickinsons info graphic essay, the largest number of respondents voted that the world would need to increase its food production by 70 percent. That is an enormous percentage because we would need to gravel increasing the production from now, so by the time 2050 comes around we will seduce increased by 70 percent. If we delay the process of starting to increase the food production so we will probably still wont be able to feed the whole world in the future.As the population grows, increased demand will lead to higher food prices. For example, at any time demand for a commodity rises, prices generally surge. On the new(prenominal) hand, at any time demand for a commodity goes down, prices decrease. The cycle works the same with supply. An increase in supply on unbroken demand will cause a decrease in prices while decreasing demand will cause an increase in prices. In other words, if there is too much of the same supply but little demand then the price will go down, rather than having too much of the same supply with very high demand, prices will go up.People often ask, Whats going on in the world today that is causation this food production problem to happen? The answer remains, the population growth. A few examples of what has caused food prices to rise so high are China and India provoke the largest and quickest growing populations generating demand for food from around the globe, so impact on prices has been raising demand from these countries, the Japanese tsunami and earthquake drove up seafood prices by 6%, and vegetable prices rose 50% month due to crop damage in Australia, Russia, and South America.If these prices keep rising we will not be able to feed the whole world and we will still have hungry people in poor countries. Elizabeth Dickinson states, Poverty is the main problem. Even when food is abunda nt, many go hungry because of the lack of income to purchase food (146). To cut down the world-wide hunger rate, ten respondents voted that the international community should promote broader scotchal growth. In other words, we should produce a wider and vigorous quantity of growth. Strategies we can use to face all these challenges are genetic engineering, stress-resistant breeding, and the use of ecosystems in farming.The verdancy Revolution, which did not bypass Africa, is another problem facing food production. Elizabeth Dickinson proclaimed, It failed because expensive hybrid seeds and fertilizers quickly degraded soils and impoverished small farmers (147). This Green Revolution was ineffective. The use of fertilizer increased significantly, while per capita agriculture decreased dramatically. Yield continued to stay stationary in throughout Africa in the main crops such as maize, rice, wheat, etc.The green Revolutions impact on farming and food production has caused virulen t disputes. Some people argue that it has saved many lives by enlarging farming(a) productivity, while others argue that it ha made a catastrophic impact on small farmers. It has also effected the environments by generating a massive global market for seed, pesticide, and fertilizer corporations (GRAIN). Experiments studied in the past have came to the conclusion by stating, a main reason for the inefficiency of Africas agriculture is that the crops on the owing(p) majority of small farms are not the high-yielding varieties in common use on the other continents (GRAIN).Lastly, in What Do We Deserve? all of the different patterns of economic justice relate to The Future of Food by Elizabeth Dickinson. The first model is the libertarian model. This model is about the inequality of people and how different races, classes, genders, and people with different sexual activity preferences dont have the same opportunities and dont start out their lives the same. For example, people of di fferent classes either grow up rich, middle class, or poor. Arora states, So while the racetrack may look nice and shiny, the runners dont begin at the same staring point (87). The second model is the meritocratic model.This model is about how some people are already born with talents and attributes while others dont have that advantage. Those who do not have those advantages have to work hard to earn their wins. For example, society does not give as much praise to a person who isnt born with a talent or attribute than they do to those who already have it in them. Arora expresses, Are their wins not as arbitrary from a moral standpoint as the wins of those born with silver spoons in their mouths? (88). The third model is the egalitarian model.This model talks about how if the people who are born with natural gifts dont work for their success but still get rewarded, they should share their rewards with the public who do work to earn rewards. For example, if someone is born wealthy be cause of the family they come from, then they should be considerate to others and share what they have instead of being greedy. They did not work hard to earn the wealth. It was just handed to them very easily. Arora proclaims, We should certainly supercharge people to hone and exercise their aptitudes, but we should be clear that they do not morally deserve the rewards their aptitudes earn from the market (88).All of these models relate to The Future of Food in very similar ways. It shows that not all people can afford the increasing prices of food, which causes world hunger. The ones born with attributes that make their life easier would be able to gain fame and fortune and wont have to worry about going hungry. Also they have things a lot easier than others. People dont deserve anything unless they have earned it. It is not fair to those who are trying hard to succeed but fail and get no credit at all.Those trying to succeed are trying to provide for themselves in order to affor d the food while prices are getting higher and higher. To sum it up, food production in the future will be a very big challenge we will have to face, but all obstacles can be overcome if we set our minds to it. I believe that if we all work together on the strategies talked about earlier, we can achieve feeding all nine billion people in this world, including all the starving people in the countries that suffer from poverty. Also with all the types of models of economic justice, society need to be fair with the amend ways on rewarding people from either different classes or with different advantages.