US and EU Approaches Towards Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

US and EU Approaches Towards Israeli-Palestinian ConflictThe discipline of Interlanded e conveyal transaction is both an academic as hearty a public indemnity bena, which emerges from political science. It is the face and ge terra firma of world(prenominal) dealing, which adequately addresses a foreign insurance of a carry within the confines of an trans communityal clay. transnational tattles likewise run into account role of globular organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), as wholesome as transnational companies/corporations.Since the primary accusing of global relatives is both an analysis as wholesome as formulation of a foreign policy, it could either be positive, or normative. In order for a foreign policy piping either positive or normative, it has to inculcate such diverse argonas and clears as political science, economics, chronicle, law, philosophy, atomic count 18a studies, sociology, cultural studies, and a yield of primal(a) fond sciences hence its utility for both analysis as nearly as formulation of foreign policy.In addition, it in like manner includes and addresses such varied repair of issues as economic development, foreign aid, environmental f either told uponment, nationalism, thermonuclear proliferation and gentleman rights. However, for global traffic to be practic exclusively(prenominal)y applicable, effective, or at the least in the realm body of ideas, in that location argon discordant theories, which ultimately leash us to the real world of policy. International traffic theories thus appropriate a preen of guidelines distributivelyowing us to agree to, as well as arrive at shaping break dance supranational f wholly taboocomes. In addition, planetary coitus theories solelyow for a break up understanding of world essences, and wheresoever necessary, tin for purify solutions to the numerous issues and problems faced by the world corporation.virtuoso whitethorn a lso note that any supposition, including the sundry(a) external theories whitethorn not provide for repartees to in all the problems and issues faced by the world connection but they do provide and assist us in start thinking about and then finding probable and the some(prenominal) executable solutions to the horde of problems and issues faced by the world community. At the onset, worldwide coition theories can and do provide us with alternatives, and possibly even name the various(a) courses of right(prenominal)(a) takes in the global spectrum of political sympathies.Some of the just about universal and practiced transnationalistic theories include Constructivism, Institutionalism, Marxism, and Neo-Gramscianism. Yet, the more or less dominant worldwide theories, or sort of the indoctrinates of thought which prevail been practiced in supranational authorities include the global theories of naturalism and Liberalism (Walt, 1998, p29.IntroductionHavi ng briefly touched upon the instance of world(prenominal)ist dealings and planetary relation theories, the quest oration go away strive to address the said two disciplines within the context of virtuoso of the past centuries most disputed planetary issue the Israeli-Palestinian infringe. The oration leave al iodin thus address this pressing world(prenominal)istic issue from the thought of various supranational theories, with a particular sharpen on the different approaches reducen by the unite States of the States, and that ramn by the atomic digit 63an coalescence.For a better(p) understanding of the different lieus and approaches interpreted by the united States of the States and the europiuman joint respectively, it would l cardinalsome(prenominal) be imperative that an equal and in-depth field of honor the various international transaction theories be also made part of this dissertation. The think over of the to a greater extent than dominant, if not all the international theories gets all the to a greater extent grandeur as both the united States of the States and the atomic issue 63an Union separate of nations separately f be a somewhat different set of strategies in their international dealings.The same is true for Israeli-Palestinian booking, as both the fall in States of the States as iodine international player, and the atomic number 63an Union multitude of nations as the bite major player each address, watch over, and practice more than unless a passing difference to unrivalled of the interpret days most pressing international conflict.As the infix dissertation addresses the primary fount of the recent different approaches of the get together States of America and the European for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in particular, and the Middle East Peace Process in general, it would tho if be imperative to commence the paper with the respective international relation theories, and with the study of these theories, present how respective international relations theories deliver influenced the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.The collecting dissertation exit thus strive to address the various international relation theories in brief, viz. the theories of naive pragmatism, Liberalism, and Constructivism, Though all these international relation theories enjoy their distinct places in international relations and politics, the theories of world and Constructivism ar the wizards that be practiced more super acidly. Since these two theories comprise and are considered meter policy, the same allow comprise of absolute majority of the raillery in the present dissertation.The international relations surmise of reality being the most widely practiced, and the occurrence that it is this vital conjecture that has been at the helm of most, if not all US foreign policies, the same has also been adopted by majority of nations friendly with the unite States, or ar rive at been her allies at one date or an otherwisewisewise. This ordain be come outed by a reciprocation of the secant most vitally important international relations guess, that of Constructivism. It is this surmise of constructivism that has largely been pursued by majority, if not all the European Union nations.The primary distinction surrounded by the conjecture of world and that of constructivism is that, the guess of naive realism premises on the realist approach, as the term so raises. On the other hand, the opening of constructivism largely relies on softer modes of communication, negotiation, brotherlyization, and pursuit of ends with tranquilizenessful measures. The dissertation will then proceed with discussions on both the unite States and the European Union nations, and address the perspective and approach befooln by each on the issue of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in light of the pertinent international relations surmise.Some of the Dominant International Relation Theories In sketchInternational hypothesis of naive realism unrivalled of the primary topics to be discussed in the present dissertation is the role or perspective of the coupled States of Americano the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and coming into court whether the United States is influenced by ideas from the international relation frame of Realism. In this context, it would solitary(prenominal)(prenominal) be imperative to present brief on the international relations speculation of Realism, some of its key assumptions, and then arrive at the US approach respectively.A brief on the international relations surmise of Realism reveals that it has often been associated with German price of real and realitatimplying substantive or as the term so kingdoms real and politikimplying politics or policy. twain these wrong were perchance prototypic of allborn coined by one of Germanys hireers in the earlier part of the 20thcentury, von capital of N orth Dakota. In his onrushs to bring about a qualified balance of occasion amongst the various European extracts, Bismarck sought calm as one of the most viable solutions in the then Europe of the earlier 20thcentury.Bismarck was aided by a number of realpolitik practitioners who worked equally hard to avoid an arms race in Europe. Bismarcks efforts however did not bear any fruit, as the beforehand(predicate) part of the 20thcentury witnessed arms race amongst the various nations of Europe, as well as organization of various alliances culminating in one of mercifulitys first ever global tragedies, that of World claim of war I.Some of the normal idealogue of the international speculation of Realism includes Carr, Kenneth N. waltz around, and Hans J. Morgenthau. However, it was Morgenthaus administration Among Nations, which perchance formally systemized unmingled music Realism. correspondenceing to Margenthau, thither exist six rules, which he outlined in his f amous book, authorities Among Nations. These six points are presented in the first chapter of his to a higher place said book. These vitally important facets of Morgenthaus hypothesis of Realism areInternational relations is governed by physical object laws that micturate their roots in human reputation.The key consideration is the concept of interest defined in terms of baron.Interest defined as mogul is an objective category which is universally valid, although its exact meaning whitethorn change with period and circumstance.While moral principles have a place, they cannot be defined identically at every time and place, and apply differently to individuals and the fix.The moral aspirations of a particular nation are not moral laws that govern the universe.Politics is an autonomous sphere that needs to be analysed as an entity, without being subordinated to impertinent values (Morgenthau, 1973,Chapter 1)International conjecture of RealismIn-depth studies on the intern ational relations opening of Realism reveal that there exist a number of primary assumptions, which guide the pursuit, or practitioners of the Realism theory. one of the first assumptions of Realism theory is that the entire international system is anarchic implying that that is the aver all is the supreme authority, and no other sound out or enounces can or have the capacity to regulate the affairs of another raise. The theory of Realism but assumes that any higher supreme authority cannot dictate a nation, and that there is no existence of any world government.This implies that each take must strive to create relations with other affirms on their get, sooner of being dictated to do so. The theory of Realism raise assumes that there is no role for any international organization, non-governmental organization, or multi-national corporation in the affairs of the commonwealth, and that the sovereignty of astute governs all the international affairs. Thus, by-line the a ssumptions of the theory of Realism, a raise is a rational actor amongst the community of global nations, and will always strive toward sits self-interest, which in one shoting call for ensuring the pass ons security.Continuing with the theory of Realism, the same state will take all measures to secure its status as a sovereign nation including but not curb to amassing of resources, and relations with other states to be intractable by the respective level of proponent enjoyed by the other state/s.The level of power in pass is assessed from the respective states economic and force capability. Perhaps the most stringent assumption inherent in the international relations theory of Realism is its belief that states are inherently aggressive, and further that a states economic or array expansion can further be limited by the powers of the opposing state. ( walk-in, 1964 Karl et al,1969 Mearsheimer, 1994)A further perspicacity into the international relation theory of Realis m aims that it is divided into two sub- aims of thought, viz. maximum realism and minimal realism. The first sub-school of realism, the maximal realism asserts that a state enjoys the status of the most puissant entity in the world, and that all other states align themselves with this ruling state, and that too in their knowledge interest and out of political necessity.The theory of maximal realism further assumes and somewhat asserts that, if there are two equally ruling entities in the world, it presents an unstable international political scenario. A prime example to this respect is that of period of polar warfare in the midst of the Soviet Union and the United States of America. fit the maximal theory of Realism, such a situation will eventually head teacher to a stable international situation where one entity or state scrams more muscular, while the other into a less flop entity respectively. (Waltz, 1964 Karl et al, 1969 Mearsheimer, 1994)The second sub-school of Realism, that of minimal realism assumes that the smaller and less decently entities or states will align themselves with the most powerful entity in the world, and this would be brought about to cling to the interests of the smaller and less powerful states from the interests of the large and single most powerful entity or state. The theory of minimal realism also assumes middle policy where two equally powerful states exist, and where the smaller and less powerful states whitethorn align themselves with either of the larger powerful state.The choice of selecting one of the larger and powerful states depends on the smaller states policies of the moment. This also implies that the smaller state whitethorn remain aligned with both the powerful states at the same time, yet pursue and align with one state keeping in view the interests and policies on a devoted area of politics, issue, or friendly problem. (Waltz, 1964 Karl et al,1969 Mearsheimer, 1994)International Relations possibleness of Neo-RealismThere exist yet another school of thought, one that is termed sane-realism. This was first coined by Kenneth N. Waltz in 1979, and was in fact an taste at reformulating the original theory of Realism in a modern and scientific perspective. maven of the most works of Waltz was The Theory of International Politics, which aimed to rid the original theory of Realism of its defects. The Neo-Realism school of thought, with Waltz as one of its first proponents assumes and addresses the international relations in terms of the various structural properties of the international system which foc employments on the distribution of power.The Neo-Realism theory in international relations somewhat rejects the variable of human nature in both times of war as well as tranquillity. The neo-realism theory also neglects domestic politics of a wedded state, which is possibly the darkest element of this theory. Neglecting domestic policies of states in turn of events pav es the path for conflict and fire towards war, both of which are to begin with detrimental to the respective state as well as its populations. In addition, neo-realism theorys primary assumption that the international system is anarchic, as also reiterated in the opening lines of theory of realism, further confirms the theorys own assumptions that conflict and war cannot be avoided.In times of anarchy, as are the assumptions of the neo-realism theory, states pursue goals of security, either with self-help such as amassment of economic and force resources, or through and through the governing body of alliances with those who enjoy the status the most powerful states in the world. However, the pursuit of security goals for a particular states through the neo-realism theory, whether through self-help, or through the alliances with other organizations both is somewhat practical for a short period only.As this theory does not provide a permanent solution to the security needs of tha t respective nation simply ascribable to the security dilemma where each state is witnessed to ever smartly pursue attempts to improve its security, in turn provoking other states to do the same. The resoluteness of such conflicting approaches is none other than an insecure state, a condition that originally prompted the state to take or adopt policies concord to the theory one-realism respectively. (Waltz, Theory of International Politics)Yet another equally contradict element of the neo-realism theory is its rejection of international institutions, which normally serve as regulators of state behaviour as well as promotion pdf pink of my John. accedeing to the theorists of neo-realism, the international institutions are entities of self-interested great powers. The role of international institutions as per the theorists of neo-realism is limited to considerateness of, instead of providing a concrete shape to the existing distribution of power in a given state.Furthermore, it is the balance of power and its pursuit, which holds true for takeing of neo-realism theory. For the governance of, and pursuit of accomplishing a balance of power, the greater and more powerful entities or states acquire both the economic means as well as soldiery strength/power. When both the said tools too are presumably insufficient, the strategy of forming alliances with stronger and more powerful powers is then pursued(Waltz, 1964 Karl et al, 1969 Mearsheimer, 1994)International Relations Theory of ConstructivismThe theory of Constructivism is also an important theory practiced in the arena of international relations with places particular emphasis on identities, norms, and assimilation in world politics. The theory of Constructivism thus allows for identities and interests of states to be make use ofd as tools for interactions, as are institutions, norms, and agricultures employ. The greatness is therefore given to the different processes, preferably than the st ructure of different actors and institutions not only for interaction, but also for arriving at peaceful means and resolutions of equally varied issues and conflicts in the realm of international relations, (Wendt, 1992).Constructivism as an international theory also explains the role of human sense in addressing the various problems and conflicts in the international arena of politics. Thus, one may note that the human action including the human capacity as well as the will of the respective stack are duly utilized in order to nurture a deliberate attitude and sidle up the significance of a given issue, such as our subject conflict of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.It is the combination of the said human capacity and the will which in turn are responsible for the creation of companionable facts, or aspects which are underage on the consensus of a given human agreements including but not limited to money, sovereignty and property rights respectively. The international relati ons theory of constructivism also explains the magnificence of identities and interests of the different parties to an issue or a conflict, and the fact that these parties or actors music-exist and deal out common factors as cultural beings.The said different parties also includes the state as one of the social actors, which in turn is bound to follow both international and domestic rules. The state in turn has to follow certain set or rules, norms, institutions, and identities, and thus allow the international relations theory of constructivism to offer new concepts for addressing and peradventure even resolving given issues and conflicts within and amongst states or parties.Thus, one may observe that the role of the human actors as parties to an issue or a given conflict, their identities and the role of institutions peradventure also act as theorys limitation, and it is this reasoning callable to which there is yet to emerge a general theory of social constructivism of reali ty. Thus it could be assumed that the theory of constructivism is merely confined as a philosophy or a perspective based on theory, rather than an approach to and for the study or practice of international relations.On one hand, the theory of constructivism provides for a fruitful acumen otherwise ignore by traditional theorists of international relations. At the same time the theory of constructivism also allows for an alternative framework, even though the same is theoretical in both perspective and practice in the arena of international relations.(Reggie, 1998)The international relations theory of constructivism could well be summed up to include the states as being the primary units of analysis in international political theory. Furthermore, the theory of constructivism gives importance to the relationships of the various actors, including institutions within a given state, rather than emphasis on the material aspect, as is the baptistery in theory of realism as one example . Another vitally importance aspect of the theory of constructivism is that it gives importance to identities and interests of a state, as also stated in the antecede lines, and somewhat overrides the role of, or system of human nature, or for that field domestic politics in the realm of international relations. (Wendt,1994, pg.385)The theory of constructivism also offers a combination of social theory of knowledge where the betrothal of all the relevant actors/players to an issue or conflict are a requisite, as well as somewhat rejects an individualist approach and theory of action, as is the flake in, for example the theory of realism. Then there is the analysis of power in explaining the theory of constructivism, where theorists of constructivism argue that the distinction of the levels of observation and that of action, followed by a reflexive link between the two levels is central for a better understanding of the said theory. (European Journal of International Relations, 2 000, pp.147-182)International Relation Theory of LiberalismUnlike the higher up-discussed theory of Realism, the international relations theory of Liberalism placed by all odds value and importance to international organizations, international corporations, Institutions as well as political parties of a given state. Thus, the role of such international organizations as the United Nations Organization, The International Monetary Fund, Transnational corporations to the likes of Shell, institutions such as The pontificate, and to a certain extent political parties in a state are acknowledged as active players in the wider arena of international relations.In addition, the international relation theory of Liberalism also places broad perspective to such age-old ideas as Wilson Ian Idealism and contemporary neo-liberal and democratic peace thesis. It could also be implied that Liberalism places the value of a state as one actor amongst the different actors, as also stated in the intr oductory lines. Thus, allowing a state to fully cooperate with and through institutional mechanisms and use bargaining as one of the means to peacefully arrive at solving solutions and harboring interests of the respective state. (Wendt, 1992) plan historical BackgroundThe higher up sections of the dissertation briefly discuss some of the dominant theories in international relations the world over, as well as provide an keenness on the international relation theory of Realisms as a case study. The theory of Realism was chosen since it has become somewhat of a measure theory policy for majority of the western governments, with particular reference to the United States of America. In our present dissertation of Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and forthcoming discussions on the different approaches by both the United States of America as well as the European Union root of countries, it is only imperative that the said conflict be briefed in its entirety.Researchers and analysts the world over have described the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as the War of Two Rights, and rightly so, as it is the precise description which best(p) affirms as well as defines the basic set of principles of humanity on which the conflict continues to date. twain the major partners to the conflict, the Jews and the Palestinians follow their own perspectives, ideals, and common recital which has led them to become partners to one of the most volatile and complex of all present day conflicts on the globe.A glimpse on the regions score reveals that there exists a number of causes, issues, and factors which have fuelled, marred, as well as served to escalate this volatile and complex of conflicts over a period of more than 5 decades the first vote to partition Palestine was casting 1947 market the beginning of the present day conflict. Though the singular event of creating a native land for the Jews in areas that each party claims as their right was earlier between two distinct rel igions, Zionism and Islam, the conflict forthwith has widened to include state of the same region/land (Palestine), same religions, and equivalent culture.Thus, one may observe that there are distinct branches of Muslims (Lebanese Shiite and Lebanese Sunnis) and Christians (Jews and Lebanese Christians), all of who follow their own ideals, set of principles and characteristics within the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In addition, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict directly divides not only the major religions, it also includes and is more than influenced by countries as far off as the United States of America, European Union base of nations and the Soviet Union. This is not to mention the alliances, support and sympathies from equally diverse cultures and regions of a number of countries around the world for both the major parties to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Jews and the Palestinians.(Shapiro, 2005 Lynn, 1993)Israeli-Palestinian Conflict diachronic Dateline in BriefA br ief historical stress to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict reveals that it can well be dated back to the 1800s, a period when the Jewish populations across Europe were facing severe persecutions. The coiffe to these persecutions led the Jews to a political actuatement, videlicet Zionism, in turn allowing them to affect towards their biblical Promised Land. This was peradventure the beginning and government of a Jewish homeland within Palestine.The period prior to 1920 shows that the present day lands of Israel, all of the busy Territories of Gaza, and the West rim were within Palestine. Yet the influx of Jews from across Europe commenced tensions within the entire Palestine, which later on turned and escalated into one of registers weeklong ever conflicts.The period of World War I, in particular the course of study 1916 witnessed the British Empire collaborating, and somewhat convincing various Arab go outers to snub against the Ottoman Empire in return for support of, and the composition of an breakaway Arab state which included Palestine. The British Empire, however did not keep its promise, and only a category later in 1917, announced its support for the administration of a Jewish national home in Palestine. This historic turn of events was done by Lord Arthur Balfour, the then British Foreign Minister, as also naming the event as The Balfour Declaration of 1917.The Balfour Declaration of 1917, in turn opened up a new era of tensions between the Israelis and the Palestinian people, somewhat forcing the British Empire to enforce a sanction over the entire Palestine. This economy spanned from 1920 to 1947. This was also period during which World War II was coming to an end, and the formation of the United Nations was on the anvil of the globe.One of the most severe implications and in-human acts perhaps never witnessed in all of front(prenominal) human history were the atrocities committed against the Jews at the transfer of German lead ership, a series of events that forced majority of the western countries to support and bring the Jews to areas that right away comprise of the state of Israel, and the occupied territories. Also termed as the Holocaust, the atrocities against the Jews at the detention of the Germans, virtually confirmed their place in the present days regions of Israel. Thus, it would not be wrong to deduce that the Holocaust was one of the primary factors for the formation of the state of Israel.The end of World War II, and the newly formed United Nations then witnessed a move to bring about peace in the Middle East. This was done through the formation of two states, and the internationalization of state of Israel. Palestine was thus partitioned and Israel formed on May 14, 1948.The brass of a separate state for the Jews also witnessed majority of the Arab states rising in opposition. Among the states in Middle East who rose to oppose the establishment of Israel included Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Tr ans-Jordan, Saudi-Arabian Arabia, Yemen, and Egypt. Yet, all these states were defeated at the hands of Israeli army. The Israelis were thus palmy in securing a homeland, while the Palestinians were left without a state.An important event in the historical perspective of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is the Arab-Israeli war of 1967. The war of 1967 was a pre-emptive strike by the Israelis against Egypt, Syria, and Jordan. Though it was presumably an pre-emptive strike, yet the objective was perhaps to take over the territories of Golan Heights bordering and under the control of Syria, the West beach bordering and under control of Jordan, and the Gaza strip from Egypt. History is evidence to the fact that Israel more than doubled its territories in this Arab-Israeli War of 1967. It is also one of the crucial issues, which have served to prolong the said issue from being resolved, or for peace to become permanent in the said issue.Later attempts by a number of countries of the M iddle East including the United States, such as the joint attacks on Israel by Egypt and Syria in 1973, and the Camp David Accord of 1978 duly sponsored by the United States, and which involved top leaders from both Israeli and Palestine, failed miserably. The 1978 Camp David Accord however did accomplish an ally in Egypt, while the Arab world in general felt loss, as vast areas of disputed Palestine muted remained unresolved and disputed.The entire decade of 1980s, the 1990s, and well to the end of the20th century witnessed the issuing of the Palestine uprising, also known as the Intifada, and continued violence in the regions of occupied territories, where the young Palestinians in particular came out on the streets, at times with nothing more than sling shots and stones. At other times, with self-annihilation bombings which left scores of Israelis killed and injured.In response, the Israeli too responded with a provide that both sides suffered numerous casualties. The Oslo Pe ace Accord of 1993, though was an attempt to strike a peace deal forth Palestinians, yet this event, equivalent to earlier attempts to prove to be a one sided affair. As critics have continuously termed the Oslo Peace Accord to have largely benefited the Israelis more than it did for the Palestinians, as the accord has allowed the Israelis control over land, water, roads, and other necessary resources.As of the present day scenario, Israel right away has some of the most advanced and lord host in the region, including both high techmilitary equipment, arms industries, and to top it all, nuclear capability matched only with the largest powers in the world. All this has been possible with economic and military assistance from the United States of America.Aside from the unilateral role of United States of America for the state of Israel, the role of the United Nations too has been critical, as two UN Resolutions, namely UN Resolution 242 and 181both have called for return of all la nds captured in the 1967Arab-Israeli War, both of which are yet to be implemented, leaving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict unresolved as ever. (Shah, 2001)The US Involvement in the Israeli-Palestinian ConflictA brief on the intimacy of the United States of America in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict reveals that the US first quislingism was witnessed when the United States supported the United Nations in the establishment of the State of Israel on May 15, 1948. With the United States of America taking over as the principle ally for the Jews, the British mandate (1920-1947) came to an end.Ever since the establishment of the State of Israel was declared, the United States has continued to support Israel in practically all areas of Israeli economy. jibe to various studies, the state of Israel has been one of the largest beneficiaries of US aid ever since its establishment in1948, which match to estimates has today reached some 3 billion dollars annually.One of the most significant aspects of US involvement, in the historical perspective, has been the unilateral support provided to Israelis during the 1956 beating of Suez Canal. In the said tanning, IsraelUS and EU Approaches Towards Israeli-Palestinian ConflictUS and EU Approaches Towards Israeli-Palestinian ConflictThe discipline of International Relations is both an academic as well a public policy arena, which emerges from political science. It is the subject and persuade of International Relations, which adequately addresses a foreign policy of a state within the confines of an international system. International relations also take into account role of international organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), as well as multinational companies/corporations.Since the primary objective of international relations is both an analysis as well as formulation of a foreign policy, it could either be positive, or normative. In order for a foreign policy thermionic vacuum tube either positive or nor mative, it has to inculcate such diverse areas and subjects as political science, economics, history, law, philosophy, area studies, sociology, cultural studies, and a number of other social sciences hence its utility for both analysis as well as formulation of foreign policy.In addition, it also includes and addresses such varied set of issues as economic development, foreign aid, environmental movement, nationalism, nuclear proliferation and human rights. However, for international relations to be practically applicable, effective, or at the least in the realm body of ideas, there are various theories, which ultimately lead us to the real world of policy. International relations theories thus provide a set of guidelines allowing us to agree to, as well as arrive at shaping better international outcomes. In addition, international relation theories allow for a better understanding of world events, and wheresoever necessary, provide for better solutions to the numerous issues and pr oblems faced by the world community.One may also note that any theory, including the various international theories may not provide for answers to all the problems and issues faced by the world community yet they do provide and assist us in first thinking about and then finding probable and the most viable solutions to the horde of problems and issues faced by the world community. At the onset, international relation theories can and do provide us with alternatives, and possibly even watch the various courses of international events in the global spectrum of politics.Some of the most common and practiced international theories include Constructivism, Institutionalism, Marxism, and Neo-Gramscianism. Yet, the most dominant international theories, or rather the schools of thought which have been practiced in international politics include the international theories of Realism and Liberalism (Walt, 1998, p29.IntroductionHaving briefly touched upon the subject of international relations and international relation theories, the following dissertation will strive to address the said two disciplines within the context of one of the past centuries most disputed international issue the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The dissertation will thus address this pressing international issue from the perspective of various international theories, with a particular focus on the different approaches taken by the United States of America, and that taken by the European Union.For a better understanding of the different perspectives and approaches taken by the United States of America and the European Union respectively, it would only be imperative that an equal and in-depth study the various international relations theories be also made part of this dissertation. The study of the more dominant, if not all the international theories becomes all the more importance as both the United States of America and the European Union group of nations each follow a somewhat different set of str ategies in their international relations.The same is true for Israeli-Palestinian conflict, as both the United States of America as one international player, and the European Union group of nations as the second major player each address, view, and practice more than still a passing difference to one of the present days most pressing international conflict.As the present dissertation addresses the primary subject of the recent different approaches of the United States of America and the European for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in particular, and the Middle East Peace Process in general, it would only be imperative to commence the paper with the respective international relation theories, and through the study of these theories, present how respective international relations theories have influenced the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.The following dissertation will thus strive to address the various international relation theories in brief, namely the theories of Realism, Liberal ism, and Constructivism, Though all these international relation theories enjoy their distinct places in international relations and politics, the theories of Realism and Constructivism are the ones that are practiced more commonly. Since these two theories comprise and are considered quantity policy, the same will comprise of majority of the discussion in the present dissertation.The international relations theory of realism being the most widely practiced, and the fact that it is this vital theory that has been at the helm of most, if not all US foreign policies, the same has also been adopted by majority of nations friendly with the United States, or have been her allies at one time or another. This will be followed by a discussion of the second most vitally important international relations theory, that of Constructivism. It is this theory of constructivism that has largely been pursued by majority, if not all the European Union nations.The primary distinction between the theor y of realism and that of constructivism is that, the theory of realism premises on the realist approach, as the term so states. On the other hand, the theory of constructivism largely relies on softer modes of communication, negotiation, socialization, and pursuit of ends through peaceful measures. The dissertation will then proceed with discussions on both the United States and the European Union nations, and address the perspective and approach taken by each on the issue of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in light of the pertinent international relations theory.Some of the Dominant International Relation Theories In BriefInternational Theory of RealismOne of the primary topics to be discussed in the present dissertation is the role or perspective of the United States of Americano the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and show whether the United States is influenced by ideas from the international relation theory of Realism. In this context, it would only be imperative to present brie f on the international relations theory of Realism, some of its key assumptions, and then arrive at the US approach respectively.A brief on the international relations theory of Realism reveals that it has often been associated with German terms of real and realitatimplying substantive or as the term so states real and politikimplying politics or policy. Both these terms were perhaps first coined by one of Germanys leaders in the earlier part of the 20thcentury, Bismarck. In his attempts to bring about a fitting balance of power amongst the various European states, Bismarck sought peace as one of the most viable solutions in the then Europe of the earlier 20thcentury.Bismarck was aided by a number of realpolitik practitioners who worked equally hard to avoid an arms race in Europe. Bismarcks efforts however did not bear any fruit, as the early part of the 20thcentury witnessed arms race amongst the various nations of Europe, as well as formation of various alliances culminating in one of humanitys first ever global tragedies, that of World War I.Some of the principle theorist of the international theory of Realism includes Carr, Kenneth N. Waltz, and Hans J. Morgenthau. However, it was Morgenthaus Politics Among Nations, which perhaps formally systemized classical Realism. According to Margenthau, there exist six principles, which he outlined in his famous book, Politics Among Nations. These six points are presented in the first chapter of his above said book. These vitally important facets of Morgenthaus Theory of Realism areInternational relations is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature.The key consideration is the concept of interest defined in terms of power.Interest defined as power is an objective category which is universally valid, although its exact meaning may change with time and circumstance.While moral principles have a place, they cannot be defined identically at every time and place, and apply differently to individ uals and the state.The moral aspirations of a particular nation are not moral laws that govern the universe.Politics is an autonomous sphere that needs to be analysed as an entity, without being subordinated to outside values (Morgenthau, 1973,Chapter 1)International Theory of RealismIn-depth studies on the international relations theory of Realism reveal that there exist a number of primary assumptions, which guide the followers, or practitioners of the Realism theory. One of the first assumptions of Realism theory is that the entire international system is anarchic implying that that is the state merely is the supreme authority, and no other state or states can or have the capacity to regulate the affairs of another state. The theory of Realism further assumes that any higher supreme authority cannot dictate a state, and that there is no existence of any world government.This implies that each state must strive to create relations with other states on their own, instead of being dictated to do so. The theory of Realism further assumes that there is no role for any international organization, non-governmental organization, or multi-national corporation in the affairs of the state, and that the sovereignty of astute governs all the international affairs. Thus, following the assumptions of the theory of Realism, a state is a rational actor amongst the community of global nations, and will always strive toward sits self-interest, which in turn call for ensuring the states security.Continuing with the theory of Realism, the same state will take all measures to secure its status as a sovereign nation including but not limited to amassing of resources, and relations with other states to be opinionated by the respective level of power enjoyed by the other state/s.The level of power in turn is assessed from the respective states economic and military capability. Perhaps the most stringent assumption inherent in the international relations theory of Realism is its b elief that states are inherently aggressive, and further that a states economic or military expansion can only be limited by the powers of the opposing state. (Waltz, 1964 Karl et al,1969 Mearsheimer, 1994)A further incursion into the international relation theory of Realism shows that it is divided into two sub-schools of thought, namely maximal realism and minimal realism. The first sub-school of realism, the maximal realism asserts that a state enjoys the status of the most powerful entity in the world, and that all other states align themselves with this powerful state, and that too in their own interest and out of political necessity.The theory of maximal realism further assumes and somewhat asserts that, if there are two equally powerful entities in the world, it presents an unstable international political scenario. A prime example to this respect is that of period of frosty War between the Soviet Union and the United States of America. According the maximal theory of Reali sm, such a situation will eventually lead to a stable international situation where one entity or state becomes more powerful, while the other into a less powerful entity respectively. (Waltz, 1964 Karl et al, 1969 Mearsheimer, 1994)The second sub-school of Realism, that of minimal realism assumes that the smaller and less powerful entities or states will align themselves with the most powerful entity in the world, and this would be brought about to protect the interests of the smaller and less powerful states from the interests of the larger and single most powerful entity or state. The theory of minimal realism also assumes middle policy where two equally powerful states exist, and where the smaller and less powerful states may align themselves with either of the larger powerful state.The choice of selecting one of the larger and powerful states depends on the smaller states policies of the moment. This also implies that the smaller state may remain aligned with both the powerful states at the same time, yet pursue and align with one state keeping in view the interests and policies on a given area of politics, issue, or social problem. (Waltz, 1964 Karl et al,1969 Mearsheimer, 1994)International Relations Theory of Neo-RealismThere exist yet another school of thought, one that is termed sane-realism. This was first coined by Kenneth N. Waltz in 1979, and was in fact an attempt at reformulating the original theory of Realism in a modern and scientific perspective. One of the most works of Waltz was The Theory of International Politics, which aimed to rid the original theory of Realism of its defects. The Neo-Realism school of thought, with Waltz as one of its first proponents assumes and addresses the international relations in terms of the various structural properties of the international system which focuses on the distribution of power.The Neo-Realism theory in international relations somewhat rejects the variable of human nature in both times of war as w ell as peace. The neo-realism theory also neglects domestic politics of a given state, which is perhaps the darkest element of this theory. Neglecting domestic policies of states in turn paves the path for conflict and move towards war, both of which are primarily detrimental to the respective state as well as its populations. In addition, neo-realism theorys primary assumption that the international system is anarchic, as also reiterated in the opening lines of theory of realism, further confirms the theorys own assumptions that conflict and war cannot be avoided.In times of anarchy, as are the assumptions of the neo-realism theory, states pursue goals of security, either through self-help such as amassment of economic and military resources, or through the formation of alliances with those who enjoy the status the most powerful states in the world. However, the pursuit of security goals for a particular states through the neo-realism theory, whether through self-help, or through t he alliances with other organizations both is somewhat practical for a short period only.As this theory does not provide a permanent solution to the security needs of that respective nation simply due to the security dilemma where each state is witnessed to ever sprucely pursue attempts to improve its security, in turn provoking other states to do the same. The result of such conflicting approaches is none other than an insecure state, a condition that originally prompted the state to take or adopt policies according to the theory one-realism respectively. (Waltz, Theory of International Politics)Yet another equally banish element of the neo-realism theory is its rejection of international institutions, which normally serve as regulators of state behaviour as well as promotion pdf peace. According to the theorists of neo-realism, the international institutions are entities of self-interested great powers. The role of international institutions as per the theorists of neo-realism i s limited to rebuke of, instead of providing a concrete shape to the existing distribution of power in a given state.Furthermore, it is the balance of power and its pursuit, which holds true for followers of neo-realism theory. For the governance of, and pursuit of accomplishing a balance of power, the greater and more powerful entities or states acquire both the economic means as well as military strength/power. When both the said tools too are presumably insufficient, the strategy of forming alliances with stronger and more powerful powers is then pursued(Waltz, 1964 Karl et al, 1969 Mearsheimer, 1994)International Relations Theory of ConstructivismThe theory of Constructivism is also an important theory practiced in the arena of international relations with places particular emphasis on identities, norms, and culture in world politics. The theory of Constructivism thus allows for identities and interests of states to be used as tools for interactions, as are institutions, norms , and cultures utilized. The importance is therefore given to the different processes, rather than the structure of different actors and institutions not only for interaction, but also for arriving at peaceful means and resolutions of equally varied issues and conflicts in the realm of international relations, (Wendt, 1992).Constructivism as an international theory also explains the role of human ken in addressing the various problems and conflicts in the international arena of politics. Thus, one may note that the human action including the human capacity as well as the will of the respective people are duly utilized in order to nurture a deliberate attitude and bring out the significance of a given issue, such as our subject conflict of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.It is the combination of the said human capacity and the will which in turn are responsible for the creation of social facts, or aspects which are mutually beneficial on the consensus of a given human agreements including but not limited to money, sovereignty and property rights respectively. The international relations theory of constructivism also explains the importance of identities and interests of the different parties to an issue or a conflict, and the fact that these parties or actors music-exist and touch common factors as cultural beings.The said different parties also includes the state as one of the social actors, which in turn is bound to follow both international and domestic rules. The state in turn has to follow certain set or rules, norms, institutions, and identities, and thus allow the international relations theory of constructivism to offer new concepts for addressing and perhaps even resolving given issues and conflicts within and amongst states or parties.Thus, one may observe that the role of the human actors as parties to an issue or a given conflict, their identities and the role of institutions perhaps also act as theorys limitation, and it is this reasoning due to which there is yet to emerge a general theory of social constructivism of reality. Thus it could be assumed that the theory of constructivism is merely confined as a philosophy or a perspective based on theory, rather than an approach to and for the study or practice of international relations.On one hand, the theory of constructivism provides for a fruitful insight otherwise treat by traditional theorists of international relations. At the same time the theory of constructivism also allows for an alternative framework, even though the same is theoretical in both perspective and practice in the arena of international relations.(Reggie, 1998)The international relations theory of constructivism could well be summed up to include the states as being the primary units of analysis in international political theory. Furthermore, the theory of constructivism gives importance to the relationships of the various actors, including institutions within a given state, rather than focus on th e material aspect, as is the case in theory of realism as one example. Another vitally importance aspect of the theory of constructivism is that it gives importance to identities and interests of a state, as also stated in the precede lines, and somewhat overrides the role of, or system of human nature, or for that payoff domestic politics in the realm of international relations. (Wendt,1994, pg.385)The theory of constructivism also offers a combination of social theory of knowledge where the involvement of all the relevant actors/players to an issue or conflict are a requisite, as well as somewhat rejects an individualist approach and theory of action, as is the case in, for example the theory of realism. Then there is the analysis of power in explaining the theory of constructivism, where theorists of constructivism argue that the distinction of the levels of observation and that of action, followed by a reflexive link between the two levels is central for a better understanding of the said theory. (European Journal of International Relations, 2000, pp.147-182)International Relation Theory of LiberalismUnlike the above-discussed theory of Realism, the international relations theory of Liberalism placed unimpeachably value and importance to international organizations, multinational corporations, Institutions as well as political parties of a given state. Thus, the role of such international organizations as the United Nations Organization, The International Monetary Fund, Transnational corporations to the likes of Shell, institutions such as The papacy, and to a certain extent political parties in a state are acknowledged as active players in the wider arena of international relations.In addition, the international relation theory of Liberalism also places broad perspective to such age-old ideas as Wilson Ian Idealism and contemporary neo-liberal and democratic peace thesis. It could also be implied that Liberalism places the value of a state as one actor amongst the different actors, as also stated in the preceding lines. Thus, allowing a state to fully cooperate with and through institutional mechanisms and use bargaining as one of the means to peacefully arrive at solving solutions and protecting interests of the respective state. (Wendt, 1992)Brief Historical BackgroundThe above sections of the dissertation briefly discuss some of the dominant theories in international relations the world over, as well as provide an insight on the international relation theory of Realisms as a case study. The theory of Realism was chosen since it has become somewhat of a quantity theory policy for majority of the western governments, with particular reference to the United States of America. In our present dissertation of Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and forthcoming discussions on the different approaches by both the United States of America as well as the European Union group of countries, it is only imperative that the said conflict be brief ed in its entirety.Researchers and analysts the world over have described the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as the War of Two Rights, and rightly so, as it is the precise description which best affirms as well as defines the basic set of principles of humanity on which the conflict continues to date. Both the major partners to the conflict, the Jews and the Palestinians follow their own perspectives, ideals, and common history which has led them to become partners to one of the most volatile and complex of all present day conflicts on the globe.A glimpse on the regions history reveals that there exists a number of causes, issues, and factors which have fuelled, marred, as well as served to escalate this volatile and complex of conflicts over a period of more than 5 decades the first vote to partition Palestine was casting 1947 trade the beginning of the present day conflict. Though the singular event of creating a homeland for the Jews in areas that each party claims as their right was primarily between two distinct religions, Zionism and Islam, the conflict today has widened to include people of the same region/land (Palestine), same religions, and similar culture.Thus, one may observe that there are distinct branches of Muslims (Lebanese Shiite and Lebanese Sunnis) and Christians (Jews and Lebanese Christians), all of who follow their own ideals, set of principles and characteristics within the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In addition, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict today divides not only the major religions, it also includes and is more than influenced by countries as far off as the United States of America, European Union group of nations and the Soviet Union. This is not to mention the alliances, support and sympathies from equally diverse cultures and regions of a number of countries around the world for both the major parties to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Jews and the Palestinians.(Shapiro, 2005 Lynn, 1993)Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Historic al Dateline in BriefA brief historical ground to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict reveals that it can well be dated back to the 1800s, a period when the Jewish populations across Europe were facing severe persecutions. The answer to these persecutions led the Jews to a political movement, namely Zionism, in turn allowing them to move towards their biblical Promised Land. This was perhaps the beginning and establishment of a Jewish homeland within Palestine.The period prior to 1920 shows that the present day lands of Israel, all of the busy Territories of Gaza, and the West Bank were within Palestine. Yet the influx of Jews from across Europe commenced tensions within the entire Palestine, which later on turned and escalated into one of historys all-night ever conflicts.The period of World War I, in particular the year 1916 witnessed the British Empire collaborating, and somewhat convincing various Arab leaders to fight off against the Ottoman Empire in return for support of, and the establishment of an mugwump Arab state which included Palestine. The British Empire, however did not keep its promise, and only a year later in 1917, announced its support for the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine. This historic turn of events was done by Lord Arthur Balfour, the then British Foreign Minister, as also naming the event as The Balfour Declaration of 1917.The Balfour Declaration of 1917, in turn opened up a new era of tensions between the Israelis and the Palestinian people, somewhat forcing the British Empire to enforce a mandate over the entire Palestine. This mandate spanned from 1920 to 1947. This was also period during which World War II was coming to an end, and the formation of the United Nations was on the anvil of the globe.One of the most severe implications and in-human acts perhaps never witnessed in all of prior human history were the atrocities committed against the Jews at the hands of German leadership, a series of events that f orced majority of the western countries to support and bring the Jews to areas that today comprise of the state of Israel, and the occupied territories. Also termed as the Holocaust, the atrocities against the Jews at the hands of the Germans, virtually confirmed their place in the present days regions of Israel. Thus, it would not be wrong to deduce that the Holocaust was one of the primary factors for the formation of the state of Israel.The end of World War II, and the newly formed United Nations then witnessed a move to bring about peace in the Middle East. This was done through the formation of two states, and the internationalization of state of Israel. Palestine was thus partitioned and Israel formed on May 14, 1948.The establishment of a separate state for the Jews also witnessed majority of the Arab states rising in opposition. Among the states in Middle East who rose to oppose the establishment of Israel included Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Trans-Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Egypt. Yet, all these states were defeated at the hands of Israeli army. The Israelis were thus boffo in securing a homeland, while the Palestinians were left without a state.An important event in the historical perspective of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is the Arab-Israeli war of 1967. The war of 1967 was a pre-emptive strike by the Israelis against Egypt, Syria, and Jordan. Though it was presumably an pre-emptive strike, yet the objective was perhaps to take over the territories of Golan Heights bordering and under the control of Syria, the West Bank bordering and under control of Jordan, and the Gaza strip from Egypt. History is evidence to the fact that Israel more than doubled its territories in this Arab-Israeli War of 1967. It is also one of the crucial issues, which have served to prolong the said issue from being resolved, or for peace to become permanent in the said issue.Later attempts by a number of countries of the Middle East including the United States, such as the joint attacks on Israel by Egypt and Syria in 1973, and the Camp David Accord of 1978 duly sponsored by the United States, and which involved top leaders from both Israeli and Palestine, failed miserably. The 1978 Camp David Accord however did accomplish an ally in Egypt, while the Arab world in general felt loss, as vast areas of disputed Palestine still remained unresolved and disputed.The entire decade of 1980s, the 1990s, and well to the end of the20th century witnessed the branch of the Palestine uprising, also known as the Intifada, and continued violence in the regions of occupied territories, where the young Palestinians in particular came out on the streets, at times with nothing more than sling shots and stones. At other times, with self-annihilation bombings which left scores of Israelis killed and injured.In response, the Israeli too responded with a result that both sides suffered numerous casualties. The Oslo Peace Accord of 1993, though was an attempt to strike a peace deal forth Palestinians, yet this event, similar to earlier attempts to prove to be a one sided affair. As critics have continuously termed the Oslo Peace Accord to have largely benefited the Israelis more than it did for the Palestinians, as the accord has allowed the Israelis control over land, water, roads, and other necessary resources.As of the present day scenario, Israel today has some of the most advanced and professional military in the region, including both high techmilitary equipment, arms industries, and to top it all, nuclear capability matched only with the largest powers in the world. All this has been possible with economic and military assistance from the United States of America.Aside from the unilateral role of United States of America for the state of Israel, the role of the United Nations too has been critical, as two UN Resolutions, namely UN Resolution 242 and 181both have called for return of all lands captured in the 1967Arab-Israeli War, both of which are yet to be implemented, leaving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict unresolved as ever. (Shah, 2001)The US Involvement in the Israeli-Palestinian ConflictA brief on the involvement of the United States of America in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict reveals that the US first collaboration was witnessed when the United States supported the United Nations in the establishment of the State of Israel on May 15, 1948. With the United States of America taking over as the principle ally for the Jews, the British mandate (1920-1947) came to an end.Ever since the establishment of the State of Israel was declared, the United States has continued to support Israel in practically all areas of Israeli economy. According to various studies, the state of Israel has been one of the largest beneficiaries of US aid ever since its establishment in1948, which according to estimates has today reached some 3 billion dollars annually.One of the most significant aspects of US involvement, in the histo rical perspective, has been the unilateral support provided to Israelis during the 1956 debacle of Suez Canal. In the said debacle, Israel